Tungsten bronze is a non-stoichiometric compound with the empirical formula MxWO3, where M is usually an alkali metal, but also an alkaline earth metal, ammonium ion, and rare earth metal ion. x is between 0 and 1. Tungsten bronze generally has metallic luster and special color. The variety of M and the change of x value can make it have the properties of conductor or semiconductor. Crystallographic studies have proved that tungsten bronze is essentially a solid solution formed after alkali metal atoms are inserted into the WO3 lattice. When all vacancies are filled, the resulting compound is MWO3. The formation of tungsten bronze is related to the variable atomic valence of tungsten. If only part of the vacancies are replaced by atoms of alkali metal, some tungsten atoms will change from hexavalent to pentavalent. For example, cesium tungsten bronze (Cs0.33WO3) is one of the tungsten bronze products.
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