The visible light responsiveness of tungsten oxide can be achieved by doping other elements. Doping refers to introducing other elements into the tungsten oxide crystal, replacing or inserting their atoms into the tungsten oxide lattice, thereby changing the properties and response characteristics of the crystal. Doping can adjust the crystal structure, energy band structure and light absorption characteristics of tungsten oxide, making it exhibit better responsiveness in the visible light range. Common doping elements include molybdenum (Mo), niobium (Nb), chromium (Cr) and the like. The specific doping method and effect will vary with different doping elements and doping concentrations. Here are some common doping methods and what they do:
Tungsten oxide doped partial ion exchange
In tungsten oxide crystals, some tungsten ions are replaced by other ions, such as molybdenum and niobium. This doping can change the lattice structure, defect density, and crystal defect sites, thereby tuning the light absorption and electron transport properties of tungsten oxide.
Tungsten Oxide Cation Doping
By introducing other metal ions as cations of tungsten oxide, such as chromium ions (Cr^3+), the energy band structure and energy level distribution of tungsten oxide can be adjusted, and its visible light absorption ability can be enhanced.
Tungsten Oxide Anion Doping
By doping the anions of other elements into the crystal structure of tungsten oxide, such as nitrogen (N) or sulfur (S), additional energy levels can be introduced and the energy band structure of tungsten oxide can be changed to improve its visible light response performance.
The doped tungsten oxide material can exhibit a wider range of light absorption, making it have a higher absorption rate in the visible light spectral region. In this way, light energy can be more efficiently converted into excited-state electron and hole pairs, thereby promoting the occurrence of photocatalytic reactions.
During the doping process, it is necessary to control the appropriate doping concentration, so as to avoid the deterioration of material properties or failure to achieve the expected effect due to excessive or low doping. In addition, doping may also affect the stability, crystal structure and surface activity of tungsten oxide, so it is necessary to comprehensively consider the application requirements of materials and the comprehensive impact of doping on material properties.
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