Tungsten oxide is a type of tungsten acid anhydride, belonging to the category of tungsten salts. It includes tungsten trioxide (WO₃) and tungsten dioxide (WO₂), although in practical industrial production, there are no products made from tungsten dioxide. Tungsten trioxide salts can be classified into various products such as tungstic acid, sodium tungstate, calcium tungstate, ammonium paratungstate, and ammonium metatungstate, depending on the content of tungsten trioxide. The color of nano tungsten oxide varies within the W-O system, which includes WO₃, WO₂.₉, WO₂.₇₂, and WO₂. The three stable oxides of tungsten are identified by their colors: yellow (WO₃), blue (WO₂.₉), and purple (WO₂.₇₂).
- Nano Tungsten Trioxide – Yellow Tungsten (WO₃)
- Description: Yellow powder that is insoluble in water but soluble in alkalis and slightly soluble in acids.
- Applications:
- High-Temperature Alloys and Hard Alloys: Used in manufacturing high-performance materials like tungsten wires and fire-resistant materials.
- Chemical Properties: It can be produced by melting tungsten ore with soda ash and then treating it with acid. The yellow tungsten trioxide is a pale yellow orthorhombic crystalline powder that deepens in color when heated.
- Stability: It is stable in air and insoluble in most inorganic acids (except hydrofluoric acid), slowly dissolving in ammonia water and concentrated hot sodium hydroxide solution.
- Reduction: Tungsten trioxide can easily be reduced by various reducing agents, changing color in the process.
- Nano Tungsten Trioxide – Lithium Battery Anode
- Application in Energy Storage: Due to its excellent chemical stability, high activity, theoretical high capacity, and conductivity, tungsten oxide has become a focal point of research in energy storage.
- Defect States: The surface oxygen vacancies can act as electron donors, making the material an n-type semiconductor.
- Nano Structures: Researchers have developed various crystal structures of nano tungsten oxide, such as hollow spheres, sea urchin-like nanoparticles, and nanowires, all exhibiting high surface area and defect structures to enhance their electrochemical adsorption properties in lithium batteries.
- Nano Tungsten Trioxide – Purple Tungsten (WO₂.₇₂)
- Characteristics: Purple tungsten, with its unique crystal structure, is used to produce fine tungsten powder and tungsten carbide powder.
- Production: It has quickly found applications in manufacturing due to its favorable properties.
- Structural Differences: Purple tungsten particles have a needle-like or rod-like structure, characterized by a lower packing density due to large voids, facilitating the penetration of hydrogen during reduction.
- Application in Lithium Batteries: Purple tungsten exhibits multiple functions as an inorganic oxide material and lithium storage material, showing advantages over conventional cells, including higher energy density, safety, longer cycle life, and good high/low-temperature performance.
- Nano Tungsten Trioxide – Blue Tungsten
- Description: Blue tungsten refers to a class of deep blue compounds containing tungsten in mixed valence states.
- Formation: It can form a suspension in hydrochloric acid and can be obtained by reducing tungsten oxide with zinc.
- Applications:
- Gas Sensors: Used as a material for gas sensing.
- Solar Sensitizing Films: Enhances the efficiency of solar cells.
- Pigments: Serves as a coloring agent in various applications.
- Catalysts: Acts as a catalyst in chemical reactions.
- X-ray Shielding and Fire-Resistant Fabrics: Provides shielding and fire resistance in various applications.
Conclusion
Tungsten oxide exhibits different forms—yellow, purple, and blue—each with unique properties and a wide range of applications across various industries, including energy storage, catalysis, sensors, and advanced materials. The ongoing research and development in nano tungsten oxide continue to expand its application horizons.
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