Tungsten oxide (WO3) exhibits various crystal structures, primarily composed of [WO6] octahedral units interconnected through corner or edge sharing. Here are the main crystal structures of tungsten oxide:
- Tetragonal Crystal Structure (α-WO3)
- Crystal System: Tetragonal
- Space Group: P4/nmm
- Lattice Parameters: a = b = 3.81 Å, c = 11.68 Å
- Structure Description: The lattice structure can be viewed as an infinite chain formed by the stacking of WO6 octahedra and WO4 tetrahedra along the c-axis. The octahedra and tetrahedra share edges and corners through oxygen atoms, resulting in a chain-like structure. These chains interconnect to form a three-dimensional network.
- Characteristics: Tetragonal tungsten oxide exhibits good thermal stability, high resistivity, excellent high-voltage electrical properties, good photosensitivity, and chemical stability.
- Monoclinic Crystal Structure
Monoclinic tungsten oxide is an important crystal form that includes several specific types, such as Monoclinic Type I (γ-WO3) and Monoclinic Type II (ε-WO3). These types are classified based on the tilt angle and rotation direction of the [WO6] octahedra relative to the “ideal” cubic structure. Monoclinic tungsten oxide has extensive applications in catalysis, gas sensing, and electrochromism.
- Triclinic Crystal Structure (δ-WO3)
Triclinic tungsten oxide is characterized by the arrangement of [WO6] octahedral units, which gives the crystal a triclinic symmetry.
- Orthorhombic Crystal Structure (β-WO3)
Orthorhombic tungsten oxide exhibits orthorhombic symmetry, determined by the specific arrangement of [WO6] octahedral units.
- Hexagonal Crystal Structure (h-WO3)
Hexagonal tungsten oxide possesses hexagonal symmetry, with its crystal structure formed by the specific stacking of [WO6] octahedral units.
- Cubic Crystal Structure
Cubic tungsten oxide is a relatively rare form of tungsten oxide, displaying cubic symmetry in its crystal structure.
In addition to these crystal forms, tungsten oxide can also be classified based on oxygen content, leading to variations such as yellow tungsten oxide (WO3), blue tungsten oxide (WO2.90), purple tungsten oxide (WO2.72), white tungsten oxide (WO2.72, color may vary under different conditions), and brown tungsten oxide (WO2). These variants differ in their physical and chemical properties due to variations in oxygen content.
Conclusion
The diverse crystal structures of tungsten oxide each possess unique structural and property characteristics. Research on these crystal forms is significant for a deeper understanding of the performance and applications of tungsten oxide.
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