Doping treatment of tungsten oxide nanomaterials (WO3) is performed for several key reasons, as outlined below:
- Enhancing Photocatalytic Performance
- Improving Light Absorption Doping can alter the electronic band structure of WO3, expanding its light absorption range and enhancing its ability to absorb visible light and even near-infrared light. For instance, doping with rare earth elements (such as Gd³⁺) can significantly improve the absorption of near-infrared light (750-1200 nm), which is crucial for improving the efficiency of photocatalytic hydrogen production.
- Facilitating Photogenerated Electron-Hole Separation Doping introduces impurity levels that can serve as centers for capturing photogenerated electrons or holes, thus reducing the recombination rate of photogenerated electron-hole pairs and enhancing the efficiency of photocatalytic reactions.
- Improving Sensing Performance
- Enhancing Gas Sensitivity Doping alkali metals (such as Li) into WO3 can generate more structural defects, increasing the adsorption of NO2 gas and water molecules, which enhances electron mobility and adsorption oxygen content. This leads to a significant improvement in the gas sensitivity of the material. For example, studies have shown that Li-doped 3DOM WO3 has a gas sensitivity to NO2 about 7 times higher than that of pure 3DOM WO3 at optimal working temperatures.
- Improving Humidity Sensitivity Similarly, doping can also improve the humidity sensitivity of WO3, making it more suitable for applications such as humidity detection.
- Tuning Material Properties
- Changing Electrical Conductivity Doping can alter the conductivity of WO3, enabling it to switch from its native semiconductor behavior to n-type or p-type conductivity, depending on the doping elements used, thus making it suitable for different applications.
- Controlling Crystal Structure Doping can also influence the crystal structure of WO3, such as the lattice constant and interplanar spacing, thereby modifying its physical and chemical properties.
- Improving Stability
- Enhancing Photocorrosion Resistance Doping can improve the photocorrosion resistance of WO3, allowing it to maintain good catalytic activity under prolonged light exposure.
- Improving Thermal Stability Some doping elements can also enhance the thermal stability of WO3, allowing it to retain its structural integrity and performance even at high temperatures.
- Achieving Multifunctionality Doping different elements or compounds into WO3 can impart multifunctional properties to the material. For example, doping with magnetic elements can give WO3 magnetic properties, while doping with fluorescent substances can give it luminescent properties.
Doping treatment of tungsten oxide nanomaterials offers significant advantages in enhancing photocatalytic performance, improving sensing capabilities, tuning material properties, increasing stability, and enabling multifunctionality. These improvements contribute to the material’s broad and promising applications in various fields.
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