The specific value of WS₂’s low friction coefficient varies by condition but is precisely quantifiable. In an ideal vacuum (e.g., 10⁻⁶ Torr), dry WS₂ achieves a friction coefficient of 0.03, as measured in tribological tests (pin-on-disk, steel counterface, 1-5 N load, 0.1 m/s speed). In dry nitrogen, it ranges from 0.04 to 0.06, slightly higher due to minor gas interactions. In ambient air (20-30% humidity), it typically falls between 0.06 and 0.1, rising to 0.1-0.2 in 50-70% humidity due to water adsorption.
These values are derived from its layered structure, where weak interlayer forces allow shearing, minimizing resistance. The 0.03 value in vacuum is among the lowest for solid lubricants, slightly better than MoS₂ (0.04) and far below graphite (0.1-0.2). Testing conditions matter: higher loads (e.g., 10 N) can lower μ to 0.02-0.03 by aligning layers, while rough surfaces or oxidation increase it. Above 510°C in air, μ jumps to 0.6-0.8 as WO₃ forms, losing lubricity.
This precision guides its use in applications like spacecraft bearings (0.03 in vacuum) or industrial gears (0.06-0.1 in air). Standardized tests (e.g., ASTM G99) confirm these values, ensuring reliability in design specifications.
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