Wear resistance is a material’s ability to withstand surface loss under friction. WS₂ exhibits excellent wear resistance in dry or inert environments due to its low friction coefficient (0.03-0.06 in vacuum) and layered structure, which forms a protective transfer film on sliding surfaces. This film, created by shearing weak van der Waals-bonded layers, minimizes direct contact, reducing abrasive and adhesive wear. Pin-on-disk tests show wear rates as low as 10⁻⁷ mm³/N·m in vacuum, outperforming MoS₂ (~10⁻⁶ mm³/N·m) due to greater thermal stability.
In air, wear resistance remains strong up to 510°C, with μ at 0.06-0.1 and wear rates around 10⁻⁶ mm³/N·m, though humidity (e.g., 50% RH) increases wear slightly by disrupting film formation. Above 510°C, oxidation to WO₃ (non-lubricating) spikes wear rates to 10⁻⁴ mm³/N·m, negating benefits. Compared to graphite, which wears rapidly in dry conditions, WS₂ excels where moisture is absent, though it’s less effective in wet environments where the film destabilizes.
Load and speed affect wear: higher loads (e.g., 50 N) compress the film, enhancing durability, while high speeds generate heat, potentially accelerating wear in air. WS₂’s softness (Mohs 1-2) limits intrinsic abrasion resistance, but its film-forming ability compensates, protecting harder substrates like steel. Applications in bearings, cutting tools, and coatings leverage this, extending component life. Synthesis quality matters—defective WS₂ (e.g., from hydrothermal methods) wears faster than annealed samples.
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