What’s the Facts of Tungsten? (I)
Table of Contents
Introduction
The Global Importance of Tungsten and the Multilingual Perspective of This Book
Chapter 1 Basic Physical Properties of Tungsten
1.1 Atomic Structure and Basic Parameters of Tungsten
1.1.1 Mathematical Model and Analysis of Crystal Structure
1.1.2 Physical Properties of Tungsten Isotopes
1.1.3 Historical Details of Multilingual Naming
1.2 Melting and Boiling Points of Tungsten
1.2.1 Comparison of Melting Point Measurement Methods in Different Countries
1.2.2 Melting Point Changes with Pressure
1.2.3 Application Cases
1.3 Density and Specific Gravity of Tungsten
1.3.1 Density Measurement Technology
1.3.2 Density of Different Phases
1.3.3 Application Examples
Table 1-3-1 Tungsten Density Changes with Temperature
1.4 Hardness and Brittleness of Tungsten
1.4.1 Hardness Test Experiment
1.4.2 Brittle Micro-Mechanism
Table 1-4-1 Changes of Tungsten Fracture Toughness with Temperature
1.4.3 Improvement Methods
1.5 Thermal Expansion Coefficient and Thermal Conductivity of Tungsten
1.5.1 Thermal Expansion Curve
1.5.2 Heat Conduction Theory
1.5.3 Application Cases
Table 1-5-1 Changes of Thermal Expansion Coefficient of Tungsten with Temperature
1.6 Resistivity and Conductivity of Tungsten
1.6.1 Resistivity vs. Frequency
1.6.2 Explanation of Conductivity
1.6.3 Application Examples
References
Chapter 2 Chemical Properties and Compounds of Tungsten
2.1 Chemical Stability and Reactivity of Tungsten
2.1.1 Oxidation Reaction and Temperature Effect
2.1.2 Acid and Alkali Corrosion Behavior
2.1.3 Application Examples and Theoretical Analysis
2.2 Tungsten Oxides (Polymorphism and Properties)
2.2.1 Tungsten Trioxide (WO₃ )
2.2.2 Tungsten Dioxide and Intermediate Oxides
2.2.3 Application and Theoretical Derivation
2.3 Tungsten Halides (Types and Characteristics)
2.3.1 Tungsten Hexafluoride (WF₆)
2.3.2 Other Halides
2.3.3 Application and Stability Analysis
2.4 Tungstic Acid and Its Salts (Structure and Use)
2.4.1 Tungstic Acid (H₂WO₄)
2.4.2 Tungstate
2.4.3 Application and Theory
2.5 Tungsten Compounds
2.5.1 Tungsten Carbide (WC)
2.5.2 Tungsten Disulfide (WS₂)
2.5.3 Application and Theory
2.6 Chemical Reaction Kinetics of Tungsten (Rate and Mechanism)
2.6.1 Oxidation Reaction Kinetics
2.6.2 Acid Corrosion Mechanism
2.6.3 Application and Analysis
References
Chapter 3 Extraction and Processing of Tungsten
3.1 Tungsten Ore Types and Distribution (Global Overview)
3.1.1 Mineral Properties
3.1.2 Global Distribution and Mining
3.1.3 Application and Reserve Analysis
3.2 Tungsten Ore Beneficiation Technology (Physical and Chemical Methods)
3.2.1 Gravity Separation and Magnetic Separation
3.2.2 Flotation Technology
3.2.3 Application and Efficiency Analysis
3.3 Tungsten Smelting Process (Roasting and Leaching)
3.3.1 Calcination Process
3.3.2 Leaching Process
3.3.3 Application and Theory
3.4 Tungsten Purification Technology (Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange)
3.4.1 Solvent Extraction
3.4.2 Ion Exchange
3.4.3 Application and Theory
3.5 Tungsten Powder and Alloy Preparation (Reduction and Sintering)
3.5.1 Hydrogen Reduction
3.5.2 Sintering Process
3.5.3 Application and Theory
3.6 Environmental Impact and Control in Tungsten Processing
3.6.1 Waste Gas and Wastewater
3.6.2 Solid Waste Treatment
3.6.3 Control and Theory
References
Chapter 4 Application and Industrial Value of Tungsten
4.1 Application of Tungsten in Cemented Carbide
4.1.1 Cemented Carbide Preparation and Properties
4.1.2 Cutting and Wear-Resistant Applications
4.1.3 Theory and Development Trend
4.2 Application of Tungsten in High Temperature Alloys (Aviation and Energy)
4.2.1 High Temperature Alloy Composition and Preparation
4.2.2 Aviation and Energy Applications
4.2.3 Theory and Prospects
4.3 Application of Tungsten in the Electronics Industry (Electrodes and Targets)
4.3.1 Electrode Preparation and Performance
4.3.2 Target Application
4.3.3 Theory and Development
4.4 Application of Tungsten in Medical Treatment and Protection (Shielding and Detection)
4.4.1 Radiation Shielding
4.4.2 Detector Application
4.4.3 Theory and Trend
4.5 Application of Tungsten in Other Fields (Lubrication and Catalysis)
4.5.1 Lubricating Materials
4.5.2 Catalytic Application
4.5.3 Theory and Prospects
4.6 Industrial Value and Economic Analysis of Tungsten
4.6.1 Economic Output
4.6.2 Strategic Significance
4.6.3 Theory and Future
References
Chapter 5 Exploration and Distribution of Tungsten Deposits
5.1 Types and Geological Characteristics of Tungsten Deposits
5.1.1 Wolframite and Scheelite
5.1.2 Research on the Origin of Tungsten Ore in Persian and Arabic
5.1.3 Theory and Geological Model
5.2 Global Distribution of Tungsten Deposits
5.2.1 Data from Russia and Spain
5.2.2 Reserves in Other Countries
5.2.3 Theory and Reserve Assessment
5.3 Tungsten Ore Exploration Technology (International Technology Comparison)
5.3.1 Gravity Measurement and Remote Sensing Technology
5.3.2 Exploration Cases in China
5.3.3 Theoretical and Technological Advances
References
Chapter 6 Tungsten Mining Technology
6.1 Contemporary Tungsten Mining Technology and Global Status
6.1.1 Current Situation and Technology of Tungsten Mining in China
6.1.2 Global Tungsten Mining Technology and Current Status
6.1.3 Open Pit and Underground Mining
6.1.3.1 Open-Pit Mining
China (Jiangxi)
Xihuashan Tungsten Mine
China (Yunnan)
Vietnam (Nui Phao)
6.1.3.2 Underground Mining
China (Hunan)
Shizhuyuan Tungsten Mine
China (Henan)
China (Fujian)
Russia (Tyrnyauz)
Vietnam (Thien Ke)
6.2 Tungsten Ore Dressing Process
6.2.1 History and Current Status of World Tungsten Ore Dressing Technology
6.2.2 History of World Tungsten Ore Dressing Technology
Breakthroughs in Flotation Technology (Early to Mid-20th Century)
Comprehensive Recovery and Complex Ore Processing (Mid-to-Late 20th Century)
6.2.3 Current Status of Tungsten Ore Dressing Technology in the World
6.2.4 Three Main Mineral Processing Technologies
Gravity Separation Process
Flotation Process
Magnetic Separation Process
6.3 Introduction to the Combined Gravity Separation-Flotation-Magnetic Separation Process for Tungsten Ore Dressing
6.3.1 Process Principles and Steps
6.3.2 Typical Process Flow
6.3.3 Process Overview
6.3.4 Main Equipment
6.3.5 Application Cases
Shizhuyuan Polymetallic Mine in Hunan, China
Panasqueira Tungsten Mine, Portugal
6.3.6 Process Advantages and Disadvantages
6.3.7 Development Trend
Chapter 7 Tungsten Smelting and Processing Technology
7.1 Overview of Tungsten Smelting Process
7.1.1 Hydrometallurgical Technology
7.1.1.1 Basic Process Flow of Hydrometallurgy of Tungsten
7.1.2 Pyrometallurgical Technology
7.1.2.1 Detailed Process Flow of Tungsten Pyrometallurgy
7.1.3 Theory and Technology Trends
7.2 Overview of Tungsten Processing Technology
7.2.1 Powder Metallurgy and Sintering Technology
7.2.2 Hot Working and Drawing Technology
7.2.3 Theory and Technology Trends
References
7.3 Pretreatment of Tungsten Concentrate (International Process Comparison)
7.3.1 Detailed Process Flow of Tungsten Concentrate Pretreatment
7.3.2 Preparation of Sodium Tungstate
7.3.3 Preparation of Tungstic Acid
7.3.4 Preparation of Ammonium Paratungstate (APT)
7.3.5 Preparation of Ammonium Metatungstate (AMT)
7.3.6 Preparation of Tungsten Trioxide (Yellow Tungsten, WO₃ )
7.3.7 Preparation of Violet Tungsten
7.3.8 Preparation of Blue Tungsten
7.3.9 Preparation of Cesium Tungsten Bronze
7.3.10 Introduction to the Smelting and Preparation of Other Tungsten Intermediate Products
7.3.11 Panorama of the Chemical Preparation Process of Tungsten
7.3.12 Preparation of Tungsten Powder
References
Appendix
China Tungsten Powder Standard GB/T 4197-2011 “Tungsten Powder and Tungsten Carbide Powder”
Industry Standards and Enterprise Specifications YS/T 259-2012 “High Purity Tungsten Powder” Standard Details
Introduction of High Purity Tungsten Powder Products of CTIA GROUP LTD
7.4 Laboratory Preparation of Tungsten Chemicals
7.4.1 Laboratory Preparation of Tungstic Acid
Appendix
YS/T 692-2009 Tungstic Acid
“National Standard of the People’s Republic of China Nonferrous Metal Standard Tungstic Acid”
Introduction of Tungstic Acid Products of CTIA GROUP LTD
7.4.2 Laboratory Preparation of Violet Tungsten and Blue Tungsten
7.4.2.1 Production Process of Violet Tungsten (WO₂.₇₂)
7.4.2.2 Production Process of Blue Tungsten (WO₂.₉)
7.4.3 Laboratory Preparation of Cesium Tungsten Bronze
7.4.3.1 Detailed Production Process of Cesium Tungsten Bronze
Appendix
Details of Blue Tungsten (WO₂.₉) in China’s National Standard GB/T 3457-2013 “Tungsten Oxide”
China National Standard GB/T 3457-2013 “Tungsten Oxide”
Introduction of Yellow Tungsten Trioxide (YTO, Yellow Tungsten, WO₃ ) by CTIA GROUP LTD
Introduction of Violet Tungsten Oxide (VTO, WO₂.₇₂ or W₁₈O₄₉) by CTIA GROUP LTD
Introduction of Blue Tungsten Oxide (BTO) of CTIA GROUP LTD
Introduction of Cesium Tungsten Bronze (CsₓWO₃ ) from CTIA GROUP LTD
7.5 Production Process of Special Tungsten Chemicals
7.5.1 Production Process of Tungsten Fluoride (WF₆)
7.5.2 Production Process of Tungsten Sulfide (WS₂)
Introduction of Tungsten Sulfide (WS₂, Tungsten Disulfide) from CTIA GROUP LTD
7.5.3 Other Special Tungsten Chemicals
7.5.4 Detailed Production Process of Tungsten Chloride (WCl₆)
Introduction of Tungsten Chloride (WCl₆) from CTIA GROUP LTD
7.5.5 Production Process of Tungsten Selenide (WSe₂)
7.6 Production Process of High Purity Ammonium Paratungstate
7.6.1 High-Purity Ammonium Paratungstate (APT) Standards in China, Europe, America, Japan, South Korea, and Other Countries
Appendix
China Ammonium Paratungstate (APT) Standard
Chinese National Standard GB/T 23366-2009 “Ammonium Paratungstate”
Introduction of High Standard Ammonium Paratungstate (APT) from CTIA GROUP LTD
7.7 Production Technology and Process of Nano Tungsten Oxide
7.7.1 Preparation of Nano-WO₃ by Solvothermal Method
7.7.2 Preparation of Nano-WO₃ by Vapor Deposition
7.7.3 Preparation of Nano-WO₃ by Microemulsion Method
7.7.4 Detailed Production Process of Nano Tungsten Oxide
Introduction of Nano Tungsten Trioxide (WO₃ ) from CTIA GROUP LTD
Chapter 8 Powder Metallurgy Production of Tungsten
8.0 Introduction to Tungsten Powder
8.0.1 Definition of Tungsten Powder
8.0.2 Physical and Chemical Properties of Tungsten Powder
8.0.3 Chemical Properties of Tungsten Powder
8.0.4 Particle Size and Particle Size Distribution of Tungsten Powder
8.0.5 Application of Tungsten Powder
8.0.6 Tungsten Powder Standards in China, America, Japan, Sweden, and Germany
China National Standard GB/T 4295-1993 “Tungsten Powder”
GB/T 3458-2006 “Tungsten Powder”
American Standard (ASTM Standard) ASTM B761-17 “Standard Specification for Tungsten and Tungsten Alloy Powder Metallurgy Products”
Japanese Standard (JIS Standard) JIS H 5761-2008 “Tungsten Powder”
JIS H 1401-2000 “Chemical Analysis Methods for Tungsten and Molybdenum Powders”
German Standard (DIN Standard) DIN EN ISO 3252:2019 “Terms of Powder Metallurgy”
Appendix
China Tungsten Powder Standard GB/T 3458-2006 “Tungsten Powder”
China Spherical Tungsten Powder Standard GB/T 41338-2022 “Spherical Tungsten Powder for 3D Printing”
Introduction of Tungsten Powder Products of CTIA GROUP LTD
Introduction of Spherical Tungsten Powder Products of CTIA GROUP LTD
8.1 Preparation and Properties of Tungsten Powder
8.2 Reduction Process and Pickling Process
8.3 Process and Technology of Tungsten Powder Production in China
8.4 Particle Size Distribution Research in Germany and South Korea
8.5 Detailed Production Process of Tungsten Powder
Chapter 9 Production Process of Tungsten Carbide Powder
9.0 Introduction to Tungsten Carbide Powder
9.0.1 Concept, Physical and Chemical Properties, Particle Size, and Particle Size Distribution of Tungsten Carbide Powder
Appendix
What Is Fisher Sub-Sieve Sizer (FSSS)?
9.0.2 Standards for Tungsten Carbide Powder in China, America, Japan, Sweden, and Germany
China National Standard (GB Standard) GB/T 26050-2010 “Technical Requirements for Cemented Carbide Powders”
Appendix
Details of GB/T 26050-2010 Technical Specifications for Cemented Carbide Powders
American Standards (ASTM International and SAE International)
ASTM B761-17 Standard Specification for Tungsten and Tungsten Alloy Powder Metallurgy Products
ASTM B665-08 (2015) Standard Guide for Tungsten Carbide Powders
AMS7879G Specification for Tungsten Carbide-Cobalt Powder (SAE Standard)
Japanese Standard (JIS Standard) JIS H 5762-2007 “Cemented Carbide Powder”
Introduction of CTIA GROUP’s Tungsten Carbide Powder Products
9.1 Basic Properties and Applications of Tungsten Carbide Powder
9.2 Preparation of Tungsten Carbide Powder by Carburization and Thermal Reduction
9.3 Tungsten Carbide Powder Production Technology in China
9.4 Advanced Technology of Tungsten Carbide Powder in Europe, America, and Japan
9.5 Detailed Production Process of Tungsten Carbide Powder
Chapter 10 Cemented Carbide Production, Processing Technology, and Application
10.1 Basic Composition and Properties of Cemented Carbide
10.2 Powder Metallurgy Production Process of Cemented Carbide
10.3 Cemented Carbide Production and Processing Technology in China
10.4 Advanced Cemented Carbide Technologies and Applications in Europe, America, and Japan
10.5 Detailed Production Process of Cemented Carbide Powder Metallurgy
Chapter 11 3D Printing Technology of Tungsten
11.1 Preparation of 3D Printing Materials for Tungsten (International Frontier)
11.2 Spherical Tungsten Powder Preparation Technology and Process
11.2.1 Plasma Spheroidization Process for Spherical Tungsten Powder
11.2.2 Radio Frequency Plasma Spheroidization
11.2.3 Gas Atomization Process
11.2.4 Low-Temperature Plasma Spheroidization
11.3 Study on Adhesive Formulations in Japan and Germany
11.4 Characteristics and Applications of 3D Printed Tungsten Products
11.5 Current Issues and Future Prospects of 3D Printed Tungsten Technology
Basic Process Flow of 3D Printed Tungsten Products
Chapter 12 Tungsten Ore
12.1 Types of Tungsten Ores
Main Types of Tungsten Ores and Names of Tungsten Ores in Various Countries Around the World
12.2 Tungsten Ore Mining
12.3 Tungsten Ore Dressing Technology and Process
12.4 Historical Prices and Market of Tungsten Concentrate
Future Price Trends (2025–2030)
12.5 Ore Utilization Technology in Portugal and Poland
12.6 Analysis of the Impact of China’s Tungsten Mine Distribution on the Tungsten Industry Chain
Chapter 13 Tungsten Chemicals
13.1 Element Tungsten (W)
13.2 Tungsten Oxide
13.2.1 Tungsten Trioxide (WO₃ )
13.2.2 Tungsten Dioxide (WO₂)
13.2.3 Blue Tungsten Oxide (W₂₀O₅₈ or WO₂.₉₀)
13.3 Tungstate
13.3.1 Sodium Tungstate (Na₂WO₄)
13.3.2 Ammonium Paratungstate (APT, (NH₄)₁₀[H₂W₁₂O₄₂]·4H₂O)
13.3.3 Ammonium Metatungstate (AMT, (NH₄)₆[H₂W₁₂O₄₀]·nH₂O)
13.3.4 Calcium Tungstate (CaWO₄)
13.3.5 Magnesium Tungstate (MgWO₄)
13.3.6 Iron Tungstate (FeWO₄)
13.3.7 Manganese Tungstate (MnWO₄)
13.3.8 Tungstic Acid (H₂WO₄)
13.4 Tungsten Halides
13.4.1 Tungsten Hexachloride (WCl₆)
13.4.2 Tungsten Pentachloride (WCl₅)
13.4.3 Tungsten Hexafluoride (WF₆)
13.5 Tungsten Sulfide
13.5.1 Tungsten Disulfide (WS₂)
13.6 Tungsten Carbide
13.6.1 Tungsten Carbide (WC)
13.6.2 Tritungsten Carbide (W₂C)
13.7 Other Tungsten Compounds
13.7.1 Tungsten Bronze (MₓWO₃ , M is Na, K, etc., 0 < x < 1)
13.7.2 Phosphotungstic Acid (H₃PW₁₂O₄₀)
13.8 Compounds Containing Tungsten
13.8.1 Tungsten Carbonyl Compounds (Such as W(CO)₆)
13.8.2 Alkoxytungsten Compounds (Such as W(OR)₆, R Is an Alkyl Group)
13.9 Types, Properties, and Uses of Tungsten Oxide
13.10 Tungsten Chemical Production in Various Countries (2023–2025)
13.11 Application of Tungsten Chemicals
Table of Applications of Tungsten Chemicals
Chapter 14 Production and Application of Ferrotungsten
14.1 Overview of Ferrotungsten
14.1.1 Physical and Chemical Properties of Ferrotungsten
14.1.2 Characteristics of Ferrotungsten
14.2 Production Process of Ferrotungsten
14.2.1 Thermite Process
14.2.2 Electric Furnace Process
14.2.3 Other Methods
14.3 Production of Ferrotungsten in Various Countries
14.4 Application of Ferrotungsten
Table of Ferrotungsten (FeW)
14.5 Quality Standards and Specifications of Ferrotungsten
China’s National Standard “Ferrotungsten” (GB/T 4010-2015)
Composition Requirements of Main Grades
International Standard “Ferrotungsten Metallurgy” (ISO 5450:1980)
American Standard “Ferrotungsten” (ASTM A100-07, Revised in 2018)
Russian “Ferrotungsten” Standard (GOST 17293-93)
Chapter 15 Tungsten Metal Products
15.1 Overview of Tungsten Metal Products
15.2 Production Process of Tungsten Metal Products
15.2.1 Preparation of Tungsten Powder
15.2.2 Powder Metallurgy Forming
15.2.3 Pressure Processing and Refining
Production Process Flow Chart of Tungsten Metal Products Using Tungsten Powder as Raw Material
15.3 Main Types and Properties of Tungsten Metal Products
15.4 Application of Tungsten Metal Products
Table of Tungsten Metal Products
15.5 Quality Standards and Specifications of Tungsten Metal Products
Chinese Tungsten Wire Standard: GB/T 4181-2017
International Tungsten Wire Standard: ISO 2490:2007
Chinese Tungsten Crucible Standard: GB/T 26038-2020
International Tungsten Crucible Standard: ASTM B760-07 (2019)
Chinese Tungsten Target Standard: GB/T 36434-2018
International Tungsten Target Standard: ASTM F288-96 (2014)
Chinese Tungsten Boat Standard: GB/T 3876-2017
International Tungsten Boat Standard: ASTM B760-07 (2019)
Chinese Tungsten Rod Standard: GB/T 4187-2017
International Tungsten Rod Standard: ASTM B760-07 (2019)
Chinese Tungsten Plate/Foil Standard: GB/T 3875-2017
International Tungsten Plate/Foil Standard: ASTM B760-07 (2019)
Chinese Tungsten Tube Standard: GB/T 4186-2017
International Tungsten Tube Standard: ASTM B760-07 (2019)
Chinese Tungsten Powder Standard: GB/T 3458-2006
International Tungsten Powder Standard: ASTM B777-15
Introduction of Tungsten Crucibles from CTIA GROUP LTD
Chapter 16 Production and Application of Tungsten Wire
16.1 History of R&D and Production of Tungsten Wire
16.2 Contemporary Tungsten Wire Production Technology and Process Flow
Ultrafine and Nano Tungsten Wire Production Process Flow Chart (Doping Process, Using APT as Raw Material)
16.3 Types and Specifications of Tungsten Wire
16.4 Tungsten Wire Standards in China and Other Countries
Chinese Tungsten Wire Standard: GB/T 4181-2017
International Tungsten Wire Standard: ISO 2490:2007
American Tungsten Wire Standard: ASTM B760-07 (2019)
Japanese Tungsten Wire Standard: JIS H 4701 (General Specification for Tungsten Wire and Tungsten Products, Reference Version 2019)
European Tungsten Wire Standard: EN 10247 (Tungsten and Tungsten Alloy Products, Reference Version 2017)
16.5 Filament Tungsten Wire
16.6 Application of Electron Tubes in Japan and the United States
16.7 Contemporary Applications of Tungsten Wire
16.8 The Rise, Advantages, and Disadvantages of Diamond Wire Tungsten Wire and Photovoltaic Cutting Tungsten Wire
16.9 Production Process of Diamond Wire Tungsten Wire and Photovoltaic Cutting Tungsten Wire
Diamond Wire Tungsten Wire and Photovoltaic Cutting Tungsten Wire Production Process Icon
16.10 Detailed Description of the Process Flow
Introduction of Tungsten Needle from CTIA GROUP LTD
Chapter 17 Specifications, Performance, and Applications of Tungsten Alloy Products
17.1 Types and Specifications of Tungsten Alloys
17.2 Excellent Physical Properties of Tungsten Alloys
17.3 Standards for Tungsten Alloys
17.3.1 China Tungsten Alloy Military Standard: GJB 3788-1999 (Technical Requirements for High-Density Tungsten Alloy)
17.3.2 US Military Standard for Tungsten Alloy: MIL-T-21014D
17.3.3 ASTM Standard for Tungsten Alloy: ASTM B777-15 (High Density Tungsten Alloy)
17.3.4 Tungsten Copper Alloy Standard: ASTM B702-93 (2015)
17.3.5 Tungsten Silver Alloy Standard: ASTM B702
17.4 Applications of High Density Tungsten Alloy
17.5 Types and Uses of Two-Phase Alloys
17.6 Military Applications of Tungsten Alloys
17.7 Civilian Applications of Tungsten Alloys
17.8 Sports Applications of Tungsten Alloys
17.9 Production Process of Tungsten Alloy (Example: High-Density Tungsten Alloy Radiation Shielding)
High-Density Tungsten Alloy Radiation Shielding Production Process Flow Chart
Chapter 19 Cemented Carbide: Specifications, Characteristics, and Applications
19.1 Types and Specifications of Cemented Carbide
19.1.1 Classification and Composition of Cemented Carbide
19.1.1.1 WC-Co (Tungsten-Cobalt) Alloy
19.1.1.2 WC-TiC-Co (Tungsten-Titanium-Cobalt) Alloys
19.1.1.3 WC-TaC-Co (Tungsten-Tantalum-Cobalt) and Other Composite Hard Alloys
19.1.1.4 Other Types of Cemented Carbide
19.1.2 Specification Range of Cemented Carbide
19.1.2.1 Bars
19.1.2.2 Boards
19.1.2.3 Tool Blanks
19.1.2.4 Special-Shaped Parts
19.2 Excellent Physical Properties of Cemented Carbide
19.2.1 Hardness and Wear Resistance
19.2.1.1 High Hardness
19.2.1.2 Wear Resistance and Anti-Wear Mechanism
19.2.2 Compressive Strength and Toughness
19.2.2.1 Compressive Strength
19.2.2.2 Toughness and Impact Resistance
19.2.3 Thermal Stability and Corrosion Resistance
19.2.3.1 Thermal Stability
19.2.3.2 Corrosion Resistance
19.3 Cemented Carbide Grades and National Standards
19.3.1 Significance of Cemented Carbide Grades
19.3.1.1 Brand Naming Rules
19.3.1.2 Comparison of International and National Brand Name Systems
19.3.2 Cemented Carbide Grades in China: Chemical Composition, Properties, and Uses
China Cemented Carbide Grades Table
19.3.3 Cemented Carbide Grades in the U.S.: Chemical Composition, Properties, and Uses
American Cemented Carbide Grade Table
19.3.4 Cemented Carbide Grades in Japan: Chemical Composition, Properties, and Uses
Japanese Cemented Carbide Grades Table
19.3.5 Cemented Carbide Grades in Korea: Chemical Composition, Properties, and Uses
Korean Cemented Carbide Grade Table
19.3.6 Cemented Carbide Grades in Israel: Chemical Composition, Properties, and Uses
Israeli Cemented Carbide Grade Table
19.3.7 Cemented Carbide Grades in Sweden: Chemical Composition, Properties, and Uses
Swedish Cemented Carbide Grade Table
19.3.8 Cemented Carbide Grades in Europe: Chemical Composition, Properties, and Uses
European Cemented Carbide Grades Table
19.3.9 Cemented Carbide Grades in International Standards: Chemical Composition, Properties, and Uses
ISO Cemented Carbide Grades Table
19.3.10 Military Cemented Carbide Grades: Chemical Composition, Properties, and Uses
ASTM B406 Standard
Typical Military Cemented Carbide Grades
19.3.11 Other Cemented Carbide Grades: Chemical Composition, Properties, and Uses
19.3.11.1 Special Purpose Grades
19.4 Production Process of Cemented Carbide
Cemented Carbide Production Process Flow Chart
Chapter 19 Cemented Carbide: Specifications, Characteristics, and Applications （II）
19.5 Industrial Uses of Cemented Carbide
19.5.1 Cemented Carbide Cutting Tools
19.5.2 Cemented Carbide Abrasives and Dies
19.5.3 Cemented Carbide Mining and Construction Tools
19.5.4 Cemented Carbide Metal Forming and Processing
19.5.5 Cemented Carbide Papermaking and Food Processing Tools
19.6 Military Applications of Cemented Carbide
19.6.1 Cemented Carbide Armor Protection Parts
19.6.2 Cemented Carbide Ammunition Manufacturing
19.6.3 Military Cemented Carbide Cutting and Processing Tools
19.6.4 Cemented Carbide Wear-Resistant Parts in Weapon Systems
19.7 Civilian Applications of Cemented Carbide
19.7.1 Cemented Carbide Machining
19.7.2 Cemented Carbide Electronics Industry
19.7.3 Cemented Carbide Medical Devices
19.7.4 Cemented Carbide for Consumer Goods
19.7.5 Cemented Carbide for Agriculture and Forestry
19.8 Special Applications of Cemented Carbide
19.8.1 Wear-Resistant Coating and Surface Treatment
19.8.2 Cemented Carbide Wear-Resistant Parts in High Temperature Environments
19.8.3 Cemented Carbide for Sports and Outdoor Equipment
19.8.4 Cemented Carbide Renewable Energy and Environmental Protection Applications
19.8.5 Cemented Carbide for Art and Decoration
19.8.6 Other Innovative Applications of Cemented Carbide
19.8.7 Detailed Table of Industrial Uses of Cemented Carbide
Industrial Applications of Cemented Carbide
- Cutting Tools
- Molds and Moulds
- Mining and Construction Tools
- Metal Forming and Processing
- Papermaking and Food Processing Tools
- Military Applications of Cemented Carbide
Armor Protection Parts
Ammunition Manufacturing
Military Cutting and Processing Tools
Wear-Resistant Parts in Weapon Systems - Civilian Applications of Cemented Carbide
Machining
Electronics Industry
Medical Devices
Consumer Goods
Agriculture and Forestry - Special Applications of Cemented Carbide
Wear-Resistant Coating and Surface Treatment
Wear-Resistant Parts for High Temperature Environments
Sports and Outdoor Equipment
Renewable Energy and Environmental Protection Applications
Art and Decoration
Other Innovative Applications
19.9 Cemented Carbide and Its Development History
19.9.1 Origin and Early Development of Cemented Carbide (Late 19th Century to 1920s)
19.9.2 Industrialization and Technological Breakthroughs (1920s to 1970s)
19.9.3 Modern Development and Globalization (1970s to Present)
19.10 Market Demand and Development Trends of Cemented Carbide
19.10.1 Current Market Size and Major Consumption Areas
19.10.2 Estimated Global Annual Demand in 2025
19.10.3 Forecast of Future Market and Development Prospects of Cemented Carbide
19.11 New Product Development of Cemented Carbide
19.11.1 Sprayed Cemented Carbide
19.11.2 Gradient Cemented Carbide
19.11.3 Coated Cemented Carbide
19.11.4 Ceramic Cemented Carbide
19.11.5 Nano-Cemented Carbide
19.11.6 Two-Dimensional (2D) Cemented Carbide Coating Materials
19.12 Technological Progress and Environmentally Friendly Substitution Trends
19.12.1 Development of Ultrafine Grains and Nano-Cemented Carbides
19.12.2 Research and Development Trends of Environmentally Friendly Binders (Such as Cobalt Substitutes)
19.13 Definition and Origin of Tungsten Steel
19.13.1 Origin of the Name “Tungsten Steel”
19.13.2 Definition of Tungsten Steel
19.13.3 Tungsten Steel Industry Background
Chapter 20 High Entropy Tungsten-Containing Alloys
20.1 Basic Concepts of High Entropy Alloys
20.1.1 Definition and Core Features
20.1.2 Theoretical Basis of High Entropy Effect
20.1.3 The Role of Tungsten in High Entropy Alloys
20.1.4 Historical Evolution of Multilingual Studies
20.2 Multi-Component Design and Mix Types
20.2.1 Design Principles and Methods
20.2.2 Design Tools and Simulation Technology
20.2.3 Different Ratios of Tungsten-Based High Entropy Alloys
Refractory Tungsten-Based High Entropy Alloy
Transition Metal Tungsten-Based High Entropy Alloy
Lightweight Element Tungsten-Based High Entropy Alloy
Special Ratio Tungsten-Based High Entropy Alloy
20.2.4 Influence of Mix Design
20.2.5 Design Challenges
Comparison Table of Ratios and Properties of Tungsten-Containing High Entropy Alloys
20.3 Tungsten-Based High Entropy Alloy Research and Development in Various Countries
20.3.1 Current Status and Progress of Tungsten-Based High Entropy Alloy Research and Development in China
20.3.2 Current Status and Progress of Tungsten-Based High Entropy Alloy Research and Development in the United States
20.3.3 Current Status and Progress of Tungsten-Based High Entropy Alloy Research and Development in Europe
20.3.4 Current Status and Progress of Tungsten-Based High Entropy Alloy Research and Development in Japan
20.3.5 Current Status and Progress of Tungsten-Based High Entropy Alloy Research and Development in South Korea
20.4 Comparison of Performance Characteristics of Tungsten-Based High Entropy Alloys with Conventional Alloys
20.4.1 Mechanical Properties and Comparison
20.4.2 High Temperature Performance and Comparison
20.4.3 Corrosion Resistance and Comparison
20.4.4 Radiation Resistance and Comparison
20.4.5 Other Features and Comparisons
20.4.6 Comprehensive Comparative Advantages
20.4.7 Performance Optimization Strategy
20.5 Preparation Technology of Tungsten-Based High Entropy Alloys
20.5.1 Traditional Preparation Methods
20.5.2 Advanced Preparation Technology
20.5.3 Process Challenges and Improvements
20.6 Application Fields of Tungsten-Based High Entropy Alloys
20.6.1 Aerospace
20.6.2 Nuclear Energy
20.6.3 Electronics and Semiconductors
20.6.4 Ocean and Mining
20.7 Future Development Trends and Prospects
20.7.1 Technical Direction
20.7.2 Industrialization Prospects
20.7.3 Challenges
References
Chapter 21 Uses of Tungsten
21.1 Historical Evolution of Tungsten Uses
21.1.1 Early Applications: Filaments and Basic Industries
21.1.2 Industrial Expansion in the 20th Century
21.1.3 Transformation in the High-Tech Era
21.1.4 Diversified Development in the 21st Century
21.2 Application of Tungsten in Industry
21.2.1 Cemented Carbide Manufacturing
Tungsten Carbide Tools
Mining and Drilling Equipment
Wear-Resistant Parts
21.2.2 High Temperature Alloys and Wear-Resistant Materials
Tungsten-Based High-Temperature Alloy
Pure Tungsten Crucible
Wear-Resistant Coating
21.2.3 Tungsten Steel and Special Steel
High Speed Steel (HSS)
Tungsten Steel Mold
Special Tungsten Steel
21.2.4 Application of Tungsten in the Chemical Industry
Catalyst Carrier
Corrosion-Resistant Equipment
High Temperature Distillation and Purification
21.2.5 Application of Tungsten in the Glass and Ceramic Industry
Glass Melting Electrodes
Ceramic Sintered Components
Glass Fiber Drawing
21.3 Application of Tungsten in Military and Aerospace Fields
21.3.1 Tungsten-Based Armor-Piercing Projectiles and Ammunition
Tungsten Core Armor-Piercing Bullet
Fragmentation and Shotgun
High-Explosive Bomb Weight
21.3.2 Aerospace High Temperature Components
Turbine Blades and Combustion Chamber
Rocket Nozzles and Thermal Protection
Spacecraft Heat Shield
21.3.3 Tungsten in Spacecraft Counterweight and Vibration Control
Counterweight
Vibration Dampers
Gyroscope Components
21.3.4 Application of Tungsten in Missile and Defense Systems
Missile Warhead and Tail
Ballistic Armor and Shielding
Anti-Missile Interceptor
21.4 Application of Tungsten in Electronic and Electrical Fields
21.4.1 Traditional Lighting and Filament
Incandescent Lamp Filament
Halogen Lamp and Fluorescent Lamp Electrodes
21.4.2 Semiconductors and Electronic Devices
Sputtering Target
Electrodes and Leads
Electron Beam Evaporation
21.4.3 High Temperature Vacuum Equipment
Crucible
Heating Wire and Element
Vacuum Seals
21.4.4 Emerging Electronic Technologies
Thin Films and Nano Coatings
Conductive Ink
Microwave and RF Devices
21.4.5 Application of Tungsten in Optoelectronics and Laser Equipment
Welding Electrodes
Laser Reflectors and Lenses
Photocathode
21.5 Application of Tungsten in the Medical Field
21.5.1 Radiation Shielding and Protection
Shielding Components
Protective Equipment
Collimators and Focusers
21.5.2 Medical Devices and Implants
Surgical Knife
Orthopedic Implants
Dental Tools
21.5.3 X-Ray and Diagnostic Equipment
Anode Target
Collimators and Filters
Detector Components
21.5.4 Dentistry and Minimally Invasive Surgery
Dental Instruments
Minimally Invasive Surgery Tools
Endoscope Parts
21.6 Application of Tungsten in the Energy Sector
21.6.1 Nuclear Energy and Fusion Reactors
First Wall Material
Divertor and Cooling Tube
Shielding and Structural Parts
21.6.2 Renewable Energy Equipment
Wind Power
Solar Thermal Power Generation
Geothermal Energy
21.6.3 Battery and Energy Storage Technology
Electrode Materials
Fuel Cell Catalysts
Supercapacitors
21.6.4 Oil and Gas Extraction
Drilling Tools
Pipes and Valves
Downhole Equipment
21.7 Application of Tungsten in Other Fields
21.7.1 Jewelry and Decorative Items
Tungsten Carbide Rings
Watch Cases and Straps
Necklaces and Pendants
Earrings and Bracelets
Buttons and Cufflinks
Portable Tungsten Alloy Guanyin Statue
Tungsten Alloy Guan Gong Statue
Tungsten Alloy Gold Plated Commemorative Coin
Tungsten Alloy Pet Tag
Tungsten Alloy Gold Plated Bar
Tungsten Alloy VIP Commemorative Gold Bar
Tungsten Alloy Gold Wedding Ring
Tungsten Alloy Opening Souvenir
21.7.2 Sports and Leisure
Golf Clubs
Darts
Fishing Gear
Tennis Rackets and Badminton Rackets
Ski and Snowboard Equipment
Bicycles and Racing
Mountaineering and Outdoor Equipment
Tungsten Alloy Bank Card
Tungsten Alloy Business Card
Tungsten Alloy Suitcase Label
Tungsten Alloy Diving Weights
Tungsten Alloy Fitness Equipment Weight
Tungsten Alloy Sports Equipment
21.7.3 Arts and Crafts
Sculptures and Models
Braiding and Wire
Musical Instrument Parts
Calligraphy and Carving Tools
Jewelry Crafting
Handmade Mold
21.7.4 Building and Decoration Materials
Coated Glass
Hardware
Decorative Panels and Moldings
Thermal and Acoustic Insulation Materials
Roof and Exterior Walls
21.7.5 Transportation
Vehicle Weight
Wheel Hub and Bearing
Railway Components
Ship Ballast and Parts
Aviation Parts
21.8 Market Analysis and Economic Value of Tungsten Applications
21.8.1 Global Tungsten Demand and Supply Trends
21.8.2 Economic Contribution of Tungsten in Various Industries
Cemented Carbide Market
Electronics and Energy
Other Fields
21.8.3 Tungsten Recovery and Recycling
21.9 Technical Challenges and Solutions for Tungsten Applications
21.9.1 Processing Difficulty and Brittleness Issues
21.9.2 Cost and Alternative Materials Competition
21.9.3 Environmental and Health Impacts
21.10 Future Development Trends of Tungsten Applications
21.10.1 Combination of New Materials and Tungsten
Tungsten-Based High Entropy Alloy
Nanocomposites
Tungsten-Based Ceramics
21.10.2 Intelligent and Sustainable Applications
Additive Manufacturing
Green Technology
Smart Sensors
21.10.3 2D Tungsten Atomic Layer Coating R&D and Its Broad Market Application
Technological Progress of 2D Tungsten Atomic Layer Coating
Performance Advantages of 2D Tungsten Atomic Layer Coating
Market Applications of 2D Tungsten Atomic Layer Coating
Flexible Electronics with 2D Tungsten Atomic Layer Coating
Efficient Catalysis of 2D Tungsten Atomic Layer Coatings
Ultra-Thin Shielding with 2D Tungsten Atomic Layer Coating
Development Prospects of 2D Tungsten Atomic Layer Coating
21.10.4 Prospects of Tungsten Application
Space Exploration
Deep Sea Technology
Next Generation Energy
Appendix
Summary of Tungsten Uses
References
Introduction of Barium Tungsten Cathode from CTIA GROUP LTD
Chapter 22 History of Tungsten
22.1 Overview of the Historical Significance of Tungsten
22.2 Discovery and Naming of Tungsten
22.2.1 Early Observations Before Discovery
22.2.2 Multilingual Discovery Records
22.2.3 The Evolution of the “Tungsten” Name
22.3 Discovery in 1781 (Swedish: Upptäckt, Spanish: Descubrimiento)
22.3.1 Contributions of Carl Wilhelm Scheele (Sweden)
22.3.2 The Delhuyar Brothers’ Breakthrough (Spain)
22.3.3 Cooperation and Disputes
22.4 Historical Differences Between Chinese and English Naming (www.ctia.com.cn)
22.4.1 Origin and Adoption of the English Word “Tungsten”
22.4.2 The Chinese Word for “Tungsten” (Wū)
22.4.3 Comparative Analysis of Naming Conventions
22.4.4 Global Terminology
22.5 The Discovery, Exploitation, and Development of Tungsten in China
22.5.1 Preliminary Understanding and Discovery in Ancient Times
22.5.2 Modern Development and the Beginning of Industrialization (Late 19th Century to Early 20th Century)
22.5.3 Rapid Development After the Founding of New China (1949–1980s)
22.5.4 Reform, Opening Up, and Globalization (1980s to Early 21st Century)
22.5.5 Modern Innovation and Sustainable Development (21st Century)
22.6 Milestones in the History of Tungsten
22.6.1 19th Century: The Beginning of Industry
22.6.2 20th Century: Military and Technological Advances
22.6.3 21st Century: Modern Innovation
22.7 Conclusion: Tungsten’s Historical Legacy
References
Chapter 23 Tungsten Reserves
23.1 Introduction: The Importance of Tungsten Reserves
23.2 Dynamic Changes in Global Tungsten Reserves (Data from Various Countries)
23.2.1 Overview of Global Tungsten Reserves
23.2.2 Distribution of Tungsten Reserves in Major Countries
23.2.3 Historical Reserve Change Trends
23.2.4 Drivers of Reserve Changes
23.3 Reserves Data
23.3.1 Global Tungsten Reserves Statistics
23.3.2 Reliability and Limitations of Reserves Data
23.3.3 Relationship Between Reserves and Production
23.4 Future Prospects of Tungsten Reserves
23.4.1 Reserve Depletion Risk Assessment
23.4.2 Prospects of Exploration and Technology
23.4.3 Geopolitics and Reserve Management
23.5 Conclusion: Global Pattern of Tungsten Reserves and Its Implications
References
Chapter 24 International Trade and Control of Tungsten
24.1 Introduction: The Strategic Position of Tungsten in International Trade
24.2 Overview of International Trade of Tungsten
24.2.1 Scale and Structure of Global Tungsten Trade
24.2.2 The Role of Major Trading Countries
24.2.3 Trade Prices and Market Fluctuations
24.3 Regulatory Policies and Regulations for Tungsten Trade
24.3.1 International Trade Rules and Framework
24.3.2 Regulatory Measures in Major Countries
Dual Control Over Dual-Use Items and Tungsten Exports
Export Control Law (2020)
Defense Production Act
EU Critical Raw Materials Directive (2023)
24.3.3 Trade Impacts of Environmental and Labor Standards
24.4 Geopolitical and Economic Game in Tungsten Trade
24.4.1 China’s Dominance in Tungsten Trade
24.4.2 Trade Disputes and Sanctions Cases
24.4.3 International Cooperation and Resource Alliance
24.5 Future Trends of Tungsten Trade and Regulation
24.5.1 The Impact of Supply and Demand Changes on Trade Patterns
24.5.2 Evolution of Regulatory Policies
24.5.3 Balance Between Globalization and Localization
24.6 Conclusion: Challenges and Opportunities of Tungsten Trade and Regulation
References
Chapter 25 Tungsten Market and Price
25.1 Introduction: Importance of Tungsten Markets and Prices
25.2 Global Tungsten Market Overview (Multi-Country Statistics)
25.2.1 Supply and Demand Structure of the Global Tungsten Market
25.2.2 Regional Distribution of the Tungsten Market
25.2.3 Key Factors Affecting the Global Market
25.3 United Nations Tungsten Market and Production and Sales Statistics
25.3.1 Tungsten Statistics in the United Nations Trade Database
25.3.2 Data Trends and Interpretations
25.4 Tungsten Market and Price Trends
25.4.1 Tungsten Market Situation in Europe, America, Japan, and South Korea
25.4.2 Changes in the Price of Tungsten Products in China Over the Past 20 Years
China’s Tungsten Concentrate Prices (2005–March 2025)
25.4.3 Price Trends of Ferrotungsten in Europe
25.5 Future Outlook of Tungsten Market and Price
25.5.1 Supply and Demand Balance and Price Forecast
25.5.2 Impact of Policies and Technologies
25.6 Conclusion: Global Perspective of Tungsten Market and Price
References
Chapter 26 Research, Development, and Application of Tungsten
26.1 Introduction: The Strategic Value of Tungsten in High-Tech Fields
26.2 Research and Development of Tungsten in the Nuclear Industry
26.2.1 The Core Role of Tungsten in the Nuclear Industry
26.2.2 Overview of International Cooperation Projects
26.2.3 Technical Challenges and Breakthroughs
26.3 Nuclear Fusion Research and Devices in South Korea and Other Countries
26.3.1 South Korea: KSTAR (Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research Facility)
26.3.2 China: EAST and CFETR (Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak and China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor)
EAST’s Breakthrough
CFETR Progress
26.3.3 Japan: JT-60SA (Superconducting Tokamak)
26.3.4 United States: DIII-D and NIF (National Ignition Facility)
26.3.5 Russia: T-15MD (Modernized Tokamak)
26.4 Nuclear Fusion Wall Materials in China, Europe, and Other Countries
26.4.1 China’s Research on Nuclear Fusion Wall Materials
EAST Results
CFETR Planning
26.4.2 Progress in Nuclear Fusion Wall Materials in Europe
26.4.3 Wall Material Exploration in Other Countries
26.5 German Radiation Resistance Research
26.5.1 Germany’s Leading Position in Tungsten Radiation Resistance
26.5.2 Research and Development Direction of Radiation-Resistant Tungsten Materials
26.5.3 Application Prospects and International Impact
26.6 Application of Tungsten in Other Frontier Fields
26.6.1 New Energy Field
26.6.2 Aerospace and Defense
26.6.3 Electronics and Nanotechnology
26.7 Future Outlook: Challenges and Opportunities in Tungsten R&D
26.7.1 Technical Bottlenecks
24.7.2 Development Direction
24.7.3 Global Cooperation and Business Prospects
26.8 Conclusion: Global Perspective on Tungsten R&D and Application
References
Appendix
Appendix A: Full Data Summary of Tungsten (Multi-Language Table)
Appendix B: Tungsten Element and Its Products
Appendix C: Full Data and Vocabulary Multilingual Complete Table
Appendix D: Basic Information of Tungsten
Appendix E: Physical Properties of Tungsten
Appendix F: Chemical Properties of Tungsten
Appendix G: Application Properties of Tungsten
Appendix H: Tungsten Chemicals and Compounds
Tungsten Oxides
Tungsten Sulfides
Tungstic Acid and Salts
Tungsten Halides
Tungsten Carbides
Other Tungsten Compounds
Tungsten Solvents
Tungsten Reagents
Tungsten-Containing Reagents
Tungsten Catalytic Cracking Agents
Tungsten Organic Solvents
Tungsten-Containing Pharmaceuticals
Appendix I: Types of Tungsten Products
Types of Tungsten Electrodes
Types of High-Density Tungsten Alloy Products
Types of Tungsten Carbide Products
Types of Tungsten Steel Products
Types of Tungsten Iron Products
Types of Tungsten Gold and Gold-Plated Products
Types of Tungsten Copper Products
Metallic Tungsten Products
Appendix: Glossary of Tungsten Industry Chain Terms
Tungsten Ore Mining Machinery , Equipment and Instruments
Tungsten Ore Beneficiation
Tungsten Ore Metallurgy
Ferrotungsten Production Machinery and Equipment
Tungsten Oxide Production Machinery and Equipment
Sodium Tungstate Production Machinery and Equipment
Tungstate Production Machinery and Equipment
Tungstic Acid Production Machinery and Equipment
Ammonium Metatungstate Production Machinery and Equipment
Ammonium Paratungstate Production Machinery and Equipment
Tungsten Oxide Production Equipment and Instruments
Tungsten Oxide Production Equipment and Instruments
Tungsten Metal Powder Production Machinery and Equipment
Cesium Tungsten Bronze Production Machinery and Equipment
Tungsten Carbide Powder Production Machinery and Equipment
Tungsten Metal Products Production Machinery and Equipment
Tungsten-Copper Alloy Production Machinery and Equipment
Tungsten Wire Production Machinery and Equipment
Appendix: Instruments & Equipment for Tungsten Wire Prodcessing
Pressing and forming equipment
Sintering and heat treatment equipment
Wire drawing and processing equipment
Assistive and transport equipment
Inspection and testing equipment and instruments
Raw and auxiliary materials
Appendix: Production and Inspection Equipment, Raw Materials, and Processes for Tungsten Products
Appendix A: High-Density Tungsten Alloy Production and Inspection Equipment and Raw Materials
- Raw Material Preparation and Mixing Equipment
- Pressing and Molding Equipment
- Sintering and Heat Treatment Equipment
- Forging Equipment
- Processing and Finishing Equipment
- Auxiliary and Transportation Equipment
- Inspection and Testing Equipment and Instruments
- Raw and Auxiliary Materials
Appendix B: Cemented Carbide Production and Inspection Equipment and Raw Materials
- Raw Material Preparation and Mixing Equipment
- Pressing and Molding Equipment
- Sintering and Heat Treatment Equipment
- Forging Equipment
- Processing and Finishing Equipment
- Auxiliary and Transportation Equipment
- Inspection and Testing Equipment and Instruments
- Raw and Auxiliary Materials
Appendix C: Tungsten Plastic and Tungsten Putty Production, Inspection Equipment, and Raw Materials
- Raw Material Preparation and Mixing Equipment
- Pressing and Molding Equipment
- Curing and Heat Treatment Equipment
- Processing and Finishing Equipment
- Auxiliary and Transportation Equipment
- Inspection and Testing Equipment and Instruments
- Raw and Auxiliary Materials
Appendix D: Tungsten Spheres for 3D Printing Production and Inspection Equipment and Raw Materials
- Raw Material Preparation and Mixing Equipment
- Powder Spheroidization Equipment
- Powder Screening and Packaging Equipment
- Auxiliary and Transportation Equipment
- Inspection and Testing Equipment and Instruments
- Raw and Auxiliary Materials
Appendix E: Production Process of Tungsten Spheres (Powder) for 3D Printing
- Plasma Spheroidization of Tungsten Spheres (Powder) for 3D Printing
- Gas Atomization
- Plasma Rotating Electrode Process (PREP)
Comparison of the Characteristics, Advantages, and Disadvantages of the Three Processes
References
Appendix F: Tungsten-Related Standards and Specifications (International Compilation)
- International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Standards
ISO 4499-2:2020 – Hardmetals — Metallographic Determination of Microstructure — Part 2
ISO 3252:2019 – Powder Metallurgy — Vocabulary
ISO/ASTM 52900:2021 – Additive Manufacturing — General Principles — Fundamentals
ISO 17296-3:2014 – Additive Manufacturing — General Principles — Part 3: Main Characteristics and Factors Affecting the Process
ISO 9276-6:2008 – Representation of Results of Particle Size Analysis — Part 6: Descriptive and Quantitative Representation of Particle Shape and Morphology - German Institute for Standardization (DIN) Standards
DIN 8570:2008 – General Tolerances for Welded Structures
DIN ISO 2768:1991 – General Tolerances
DIN 50981:1982 – Determination of Tungsten Content in Ores - American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standards
ASTM B777-20 – Standard Specification for Tungsten Base, High-Density Metal
ASTM B760-07(2019) – Standard Specification for Tungsten Plate, Sheet, and Foil
ASTM B702-93(2019) – Standard Specification for Copper-Tungsten Electrical Contact Material
ASTM B631-93(2016) – Standard Specification for Silver-Tungsten Electrical Contact Materials
ASTM B213-20 – Standard Test Methods for Flow Rate of Metal Powders Using the Hall
ASTM F288-96(2019) – Standard Specification for Tungsten Wire for Electron Devices and Lamps - Chinese National Standards (GB)
GB/T 6156-2008 – Wolframite Concentrate
GB/T 6157-2008 – Scheelite Concentrate
GB/T 10116-2007 – Sodium Tungstate
GB/T 26038-2010 – Tungstic Acid
GB/T 23365-2009 – Ammonium Metatungstate
GB/T 26037-2010 – Ammonium Paratungstate
GB/T 3467-2010 – Tungsten Trioxide
GB/T 4197-2011 – Tungsten Powder and Tungsten Carbide Powder
GB/T 3458-2006 – Tungsten Powder
GB/T 4295-2013 – Cemented Carbide
GB/T 3649-2008 – Ferrotungsten
GB/T 3489-2016 – Tungsten Wire - Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS)
JIS H 1402:2001 – Tungsten Powder and Tungsten Carbide Powder
JIS H 5761:1998 – Tungsten Wires for Lighting and Electronic Equipment - Other National Standards
Russia GOST 213-83 – Tungsten Concentrate
MIL-T-13827 (U.S. Military Standard) – Tungsten Powder - Standards for Tungsten Compounds and Chemicals (Including Blue Tungsten, Yellow Tungsten, and Violet Tungsten)
Blue Tungsten Oxide (W₂₀O₅₈)
Yellow Tungsten Oxide (WO₃ ) GB/T 3467-2010
Violet Tungsten Oxide (W₁₈O₄₉) - Tungsten Metal Products and Alloy Standards
Tungsten Pellets ASTM B777-20
Tungsten Needles, Tungsten Boats ASTM B760-07(2019)
Tungsten Copper ASTM B702-93(2019)
Tungsten Silver ASTM B631-93(2016)
Tungsten Gold (Tungsten-Based Gold-Plated Products) ASTM B777
Tungsten Alloys ASTM B777-20, GB/T 4295-2013
Table: Comparison Between Chinese Standard (GB), ISO, and DIN
Appendix G: Toxicity, Safety, and Environmental Protection of Tungsten
- Toxicity of Tungsten
1.1 Toxicity of Pure Tungsten
1.2 Toxicity of Tungsten Compounds
1.3 Progress of Toxicity Research in Europe and the United States - Safety Protection Measures
2.1 Global Safety Standards
2.2 Protective Measures
2.3 Case Analysis
Tungsten Processing Plant in the United States (2023) - Environmental Protection
3.1 European and American Environmental Regulations and Research
3.2 Tungsten Development and Environmental Protection in China
3.3 Comparison of Global Regulations
3.4 Environmental Impact Cases - Future Research Directions
References
Appendix H: Tungsten-Related Unit Conversion Tables
- Tungsten-Related Mass Unit Conversion
- Tungsten-Related Density Unit Conversion
- Tungsten-Related Particle Size Unit Conversion
- Tungsten-Related Temperature Unit Conversion
- Tungsten-Related Pressure Unit Conversion
- Tungsten-Related Liquidity Unit Conversion
- Tungsten-Related Length Unit Conversion
Appendix I: Expression and Conversion of Hardness of Tungsten Products
- Expression Methods of Hardness of Tungsten Products
1.1 Brinell Hardness (HB)
1.2 Rockwell Hardness (HR)
1.3 Vickers Hardness (HV)
1.4 Knoop Hardness (HK) - Conversion Relationship of Hardness of Tungsten Products
2.1 Tungsten Product Hardness Conversion Table (Including Comparison of Applicable Scope)
2.2 Characteristics of Conversion Relationship
2.3 Approximate Conversion Formula (Applicable to Tungsten Steel)
2.4 Notes
Appendix: Multilingual Glossary of Terms for Tungsten and Related Products
Preface
Introduction
The global importance of tungsten and the multilingual perspective of this book
The strategic position of tungsten in many national industries (English: Tungsten, German: Wolfram, Russian: Вольфрам , etc.) The goal of this book is to integrate global multilingual information to create the most comprehensive reference book on the tungsten industry .
Research Methods and Multilingual Data Sources
Chinese ( China Tungsten Industry Association ), English (USGS), German (German Mining Report), French (French Geological Society), Japanese (Japan Institute of Metals), Russian (Russian Mineral Yearbook), etc.
The data is as of March 12, 2025, and includes the latest updated news and price information from China Tungsten Industry Network ; various information and price changes over the past decade from the WeChat public account “China Tungsten Online”.
READ MORE:What’s the Facts of Tungsten (I)
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Chinatungsten Online and CTIA GROUP LTD have been working in the tungsten industry for nearly 30 years, specializing in flexible customization of tungsten and molybdenum products worldwide, which are tungsten and molybdenum design, R&D, production, and overall solution integrators with high visibility and credibility worldwide.
Chinatungsten Online and CTIA GROUP LTD provide products mainly including: tungsten oxide products, such as tungstates such as APT/WO3; tungsten powder and tungsten carbide powder; tungsten metal products such as tungsten wire, tungsten ball, tungsten bar, tungsten electrode, etc.; high-density alloy products, such as dart rods, fishing sinkers, automotive tungsten crankshaft counterweights, mobile phones, clocks and watches, tungsten alloy shielding materials for radioactive medical equipment, etc.; tungsten silver and tungsten copper products for electronic appliances. Cemented carbide products include cutting tools such as cutting, grinding, milling, drilling, planing, wear-resistant parts, nozzles, spheres, anti-skid spikes, molds, structural parts, seals, bearings, high-pressure and high-temperature resistant cavities, top hammers, and other standard and customized high-hardness, high-strength, strong acid and alkali resistant high-performance products. Molybdenum products include molybdenum oxide, molybdenum powder, molybdenum and alloy sintering materials, molybdenum crucibles, molybdenum boats, TZM, TZC, molybdenum wires, molybdenum heating belts, molybdenum spouts, molybdenum copper, molybdenum tungsten alloys, molybdenum sputtering targets, sapphire single crystal furnace components, etc.
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