The boiling point of molybdenum foil is 4639°C (4912 K), significantly higher than most metals, such as aluminum (2470°C) or copper (2562°C), and only below tungsten (5555°C). This high boiling point, due to strong metallic bonds and a body-centered cubic crystal structure, ensures stability at extreme temperatures, ideal for aerospace and high-temperature furnace applications. The boiling point marks the transition from liquid to gas, rarely reached in practice, as the melting point (2623°C) suffices for 2000°C demands. Boiling point varies slightly with purity: high-purity foil (≥99.95%) nears the theoretical value due to minimal impurities (e.g., carbon, oxygen), while low-purity foil (<99%) may be 10-30°C lower due to impurities. Manufacturing processes (cold rolling, hot rolling, powder metallurgy) have minimal impact, though grain boundary defects may cause localized volatilization. Boiling point is measured via high-temperature evaporation experiments or theoretical calculations, with ±20°C precision. Oxidation above 600°C, forming volatile MoO₃, requires vacuum or inert gas protection to maintain performance. Molybdenum foil’s high boiling point ensures it remains non-vaporized in extreme environments near its melting point (e.g., rocket nozzles, vacuum furnaces). Quality control uses spectral analysis and high-temperature testing to confirm material stability, meeting semiconductor and aerospace standards.
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