Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Background
1.2 Research Objectives and Innovations
1.3 Research status at home and abroad
Chapter 2 Basic information of yellow tungsten trioxide
2.1 Definition of yellow tungsten trioxide
2.2 The form and distribution of tungsten in the present
2.3 Yellow tungsten trioxide and oxygen vacant tungsten oxide/defective tungsten oxide
2.3.1 Yellow tungsten trioxide and blue tungsten oxide
2.3.2 Tungsten and purple tungsten oxide
2.3.3 Tungsten and brown tungsten oxide
2.4 Tungsten properties are related to oxygen content
2.4.1 Relationship between the structure of yellow tungsten trioxide and oxygen content
2.4.2 Relationship between the properties of yellow tungsten trioxide and oxygen content
2.4.3 Preparation of yellow tungsten trioxide and control of oxygen content
Chapter 3 Classification of yellow tungsten trioxide
3.1 Classification of yellow tungsten trioxide based on purity
3.1.1 Ordinary yellow tungsten trioxide
3.1.2 High purity yellow tungsten trioxide
3.2 Classification of yellow tungsten trioxide based on crystal structure
3.2.1 Monoclinic tungsten
3.2.2 Orthorhombic tungsten
3.2.3 Hexagonal tungsten
3.2.4 Cubic crystalline / tetragonal crystalline yellow tungsten trioxide
3.2.4 Triclinic tungsten
3.3 Classification of yellow tungsten trioxide based on physical form
3.3.1 Tungsten nanoparticles
3.3.2 Tungsten nanosheets
3.3.3 Tungsten nanowires
3.3.4 Tungsten nanorods
3.3.5 Tungsten nanoflowers
3.3.6 Tungsten nanotubes
3.3.7 Tungsten hollow balls
3.4 Classification of yellow tungsten trioxide based on particle size
3.4.1 Coarse-grained yellow tungsten trioxide
3.4.2 Ultrafine grain yellow tungsten trioxide
3.4.3 Micron yellow tungsten trioxide
3.4.4 Submicron xantrea
3.4.5 Nano yellow tungsten trioxide
3.4.6 Sub-nano yellow tungsten trioxide
Chapter 4 Crystal structure of yellow tungsten trioxide
4.1 Basic theory of the crystal structure of yellow tungsten trioxide
4.1.2 Atomic arrangement of tungsten
4.1.2 Basic knowledge of tungsten crystallography (crystal system, lattice, etc.).
4.1.3 The type of crystal structure to which tungsten belongs
4.2 Factors influencing the crystal structure of tungsten
4.2.1 Effect of preparation conditions on the crystal structure of tungsten
4.2.1.1 Effect of reaction temperature on the structure of tungsten crystal
4.2.1.2 Effect of reaction pressure on the crystal structure of tungsten
4.2.1.3 Effect of reaction time on the structure of tungsten crystal
4.2.1.4 Effect of reaction atmosphere on the crystal structure of tungsten
4.2.1.5 Effect of reaction rate on the structure of tungsten crystal
4.2.1.6 Effect of precursors on the crystal structure of tungsten
4.2.1.7 Effect of solvents on the structure of tungsten crystals
4.2.2 Effect of external stimuli on the crystal structure of yellow tungsten trioxide
4.2.2.1 Effect of optical radiation on the structure of tungsten crystals
4.2.2.2 Effect of electric field on the structure of tungsten crystals
4.2.2.3 Effect of magnetic field on the structure of tungsten crystals
4.3 The intrinsic relationship between the structure and properties of tungsten crystals
4.3.1 Relationship between the crystal structure of tungsten and the level of electronic structure
4.3.1.1 Effect of tungsten crystal structure on electron transport
4.3.1.2 Relationship between tungsten band structure and crystal structure
4.3.2 The relationship between the structure of the tungsten crystal and the ion transport plane
4.3.2.1 Effect of tungsten crystal structure on ion diffusion
4.3.2.2 Effect of ion intercalation/extraction process on the structural stability of tungsten crystal
4.3.3 Relationship between tungsten crystal structure and surface properties
4.3.3.1 Effect of tungsten crystal structure on surface adsorption
4.3.3.2 Relationship between tungsten crystal structure and surface electronic state
4.3.4 The relationship between tungsten crystal structure and mechanical properties
4.3.5 The relationship between tungsten crystal structure and optical properties
4.3.6 Relationship between tungsten crystal structure and catalytic properties
4.4 Experimental determination of the crystal structure of tungsten
4.4.1 Principles of X-ray diffraction technology
4.4.2 Application of neutron diffraction technology in structure determination
Chapter 5 Physical and chemical properties of yellow tungsten trioxide
5.1 Appearance and color of tungsten
5.2 Density/specific gravity of tungsten
5.3 Thermal stability of yellow tungsten trioxide
5.3.1 Melting point of yellow tungsten trioxide
5.3.2 Decomposition temperature of tungsten
5.3.3 Coefficient of thermal expansion of tungsten
5.4 Solubility of yellow tungsten trioxide
5.5 Catalytic properties of yellow tungsten trioxide
5.6 Specific surface area of tungsten
5.7 Loose density of tungsten
5.8 Optical properties of yellow tungsten trioxide
5.8.1 Light absorption and photocatalytic properties of tungsten
5.8.2 Photochromic properties of tungsten
5.9 Electrical properties of yellow tungsten trioxide
5.9.1 Semiconducting properties of tungsten yellow
5.9.2 Electrochromic properties of tungsten
5.10 Thermal properties of yellow tungsten trioxide
5.10.1 Thermal stability of tungsten
5.10.2 Thermal expansion properties of tungsten
5.11 Gas sensitivity of yellow tungsten trioxide
5.12 Yellow-tungsten redox reactions
5.13 Acid-base reaction of yellow tungsten trioxide
Chapter 6 Preparation method of yellow tungsten trioxide
6.1 Traditional preparation methods of yellow tungsten trioxide
6.1.1 The traditional preparation method of yellow tungsten trioxide – high temperature solid-phase reaction method
6.1.2 Traditional preparation method of yellow tungsten trioxide-sol-gel method
6.1.3 Traditional preparation method of yellow tungsten trioxide – hydrothermal method
6.1.4 The traditional preparation method of yellow tungsten trioxide – ammonium tungstate method
6.1.5 The traditional preparation method of yellow tungsten trioxide – hydrochloric acid decomposition method of tungstate
6.1.6 The traditional preparation method of yellow tungsten trioxide – thermal decomposition method of ammonium paratungstate
6.2 New preparation method of yellow tungsten trioxide
6.2.1 A new preparation method for yellow tungsten trioxide – electrochemical deposition
6.2.2 A new preparation method for yellow tungsten trioxide – vapor deposition method
6.2.3 A new preparation method of yellow tungsten trioxide – biological template method
Chapter 7 Yellow tungsten trioxide production equipment
7.1 Core equipment for the preparation of yellow tungsten trioxide by high-temperature solid-phase reaction method
7.1.1 Raw material handling equipment
7.1.1.1 Crushers
7.1.1.2 Ball mills
7.1.2 Molding equipment
7.1.2.1 Tablet presses
7.1.3 High-temperature sintering equipment
7.1.3.1 High-temperature furnaces
7.1.3.1 Temperature control systems
7.1.4 Atmosphere control equipment
7.1.4.1 Atmosphere furnaces
7.1.4.2 Gas supply systems
7.1.5 Cooling equipment
7.1.5.1 Free cooling devices
7.1.5.2 Forced cooling equipment
7.1.6 Post-processing equipment
7.1.6.1 Grinding equipment
7.1.6.2 Screening equipment
7.2 The core equipment for the preparation of yellow tungsten trioxide by sol-gel method
7.2.1 Mixing equipment
7.2.1.1 Mechanical agitators
7.2.2 Heating equipment
7.2.2.1 Thermostatic water bath
7.2.2.2 Ovens
7.2.3 Reaction vessels
7.2.3.1 Reactors
7.2.4 Grinding equipment
7.2.4.1 Mortars and pestles
7.2.4.2 Planetary ball mills
7.2.5 Filtration and washing equipment
7.2.5.1 Suction filtration device
7.2.5.2 Centrifuges
7.3 Core equipment for the preparation of yellow tungsten trioxide by electrochemical deposition
7.3.1 Electrolyzers
7.3.2 Electrodes
7.3.3 Power Supply
7.3.4 Electrolyte configuration and storage equipment
7.3.4.1 Mixing equipment
7.3.4.2 Storage containers
7.3.5 Heating and cooling devices
7.3.6 Filtration Equipment
7.3.7 Analysis and testing equipment
7.4 Core equipment for the preparation of yellow tungsten trioxide by physical vapor deposition
7.4.1 Evaporation source equipment
7.4.2 Vacuum systems
7.4.3 Substrate heating and cooling devices
7.4.4 Film thickness monitoring equipment
7.5 Core equipment for the preparation of yellow tungsten trioxide by chemical vapor deposition
7.5.1 Reaction chambers
7.5.2 Gas supply systems
7.5.3 Heating systems
7.5.4 Vacuum systems
7.5.5 Exhaust gas treatment system
7.6 Core equipment for the preparation of yellow tungsten trioxide by biological template method
7.6.1 Reaction vessels
7.6.2 Heating equipment
7.6.3 Mixing equipment
7.6.4 Temperature control equipment
7.6.5 Filtration Equipment
7.6.6 Drying equipment
7.7 Characterization Equipment
7.7.1 X-ray diffractometer
7.7.2 Scanning electron microscopy
7.7.3 Transmission electron microscopy
7.7.4 UV-Vis spectrophotometer
Chapter 8 Research on the detection principle of yellow tungsten trioxide
8.1 Tungsten Detection – Spectroscopy
8.1.1 Yellow tungsten trioxide detection – X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy analysis
8.1.2 Tungsten Detection – Raman Spectroscopy
8.2 Tungsten Detection – Electrochemical Analysis
8.2.1 Yellow tungsten trioxide Detection-Volcanoammetry
8.3 Other yellow tungsten trioxide detection methods
8.3.1 Tungsten Detection – Thermogravimetric Analysis
Chapter 9 Application Fields of yellow tungsten trioxide
9.1 Application of yellow tungsten trioxide in tungsten products
9.1.1 Application of yellow tungsten trioxide in the preparation of tungsten powder
9.1.2 Application of yellow tungsten trioxide in tungsten wire production
9.1.3 Application of yellow tungsten trioxide in the manufacture of tungsten bars
9.1.4 Application of yellow tungsten trioxide in tungsten copper alloy
9.1.5 Application of yellow tungsten trioxide in tungsten-nickel-iron alloy
9.1.6 Application of yellow tungsten trioxide in cemented carbide
9.2 Application of yellow tungsten trioxide in the field of environment
9.2.1 Application of yellow tungsten trioxide in air purification
9.2.2 Application of yellow tungsten trioxide in sewage treatment
9.3 Application of yellow tungsten trioxide in the field of smart materials
9.3.1 Application of yellow tungsten trioxide in electrochromic devices
9.3.2 Application of tungsten in gas sensors
9.4 Application of yellow tungsten trioxide in the field of electronic information
9.4.1 Application of tungsten in field-effect transistors
9.4.2 Application of tungsten flavum in memory devices
9.5 Application of yellow tungsten trioxide in the field of machinery manufacturing
9.5.1 Application of tungsten in tool coatings
9.5.2 Application of tungsten in wear-resistant parts
9.6 Tungsten in biomedical applications
9.6.1 Application of tungsten in biosensors
9.6.2 Application of yellow tungsten trioxide in photothermal therapy
9.7 Application of yellow tungsten trioxide in the field of optical display
9.7.1 Application of tungsten in displays
9.8 Application of yellow tungsten trioxide in catalytic support
9.8.1 Application of yellow tungsten trioxide in supported catalysts
9.9 Application of yellow tungsten trioxide in the field of fireproof fabrics
9.9.1 Application of tungsten fireproof fabrics in the industrial field
9.9.2 Application of tungsten fireproof fabrics in daily life
9.9.3 Application of tungsten fireproof fabrics in public transportation
9.10 Application of yellow tungsten trioxide in agricultural film
9.11 Application of yellow tungsten trioxide in the energy field
9.11.1 Application of yellow tungsten trioxide in lithium-ion batteries
9.11.2 Application of tungsten in supercapacitors
9.11.3 Application of yellow tungsten trioxide in photocatalytic water splitting to hydrogen
Chapter 10 Safety and environmental protection of yellow tungsten trioxide
10.1 Safety issues of tungsten
10.2 Environmental protection of yellow tungsten trioxide
10.3 Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for Yellow tungsten trioxide
Chapter 11 Domestic and foreign standards for yellow tungsten trioxide
11.1 Chinese National Standards
11.2 International Standards
11.3 Yellow tungsten trioxide standards in Europe, America, and other countries around the world
Chapter 12 Yellow tungsten trioxide facts and figures
12.1 What are the main facts of tungsten?
12.2 All data of tungsten (physicochemical properties, production and application technical parameters)
Appendix: Multilingual glossary of yellow tungsten trioxide terms (chinese, english, japanese, korean)
References
Chapter 1 Introduction
As an important functional material, tungsten trioxide (WO₃) has attracted much attention in the fields of materials science, energy, environment and electronics due to its excellent physical and chemical properties (e.g., band gap 2.6–2.8 eV, density 7.16 g/cm³) and diverse application scenarios. Tungsten Yellow’s unique properties, including electrochromic (70% >change in light transmittance), photocatalysis (hydrogen production >1 mmol/h·g), electrochemical activity (specific capacitance >500 F/g), and thermal stability (decomposition temperature >1700°C), make it ideal for smart materials, energy storage devices, and catalysts. This chapter systematically expounds the research significance and scientific value of yellow tungsten trioxide from three aspects: research background, research objectives and innovations, and research status at home and abroad, which lays the foundation for subsequent chapters.
1.1 Background
As an important member of the tungsten compound family, yellow tungsten trioxide is widely found in tungstate minerals (such as scheelite, WO₃ content >50 ). wt%) and purified by hydrometallurgy (yield >95%) or high-temperature roasting (purity >99.9%). The global tungsten resource reserves are about 3.5 million tons, mainly distributed in China (accounting for >50%), Russia and Australia, with an annual output of about 8-100,000 tons, of which yellow tungsten trioxide occupies an important position as a precursor of tungsten products (tungsten powder, tungsten wire) (market size > US$1 billion/year). In recent years, with the development of nanotechnology, the application of yellow-tungsten nanomaterials (particle size 20–200 nm, specific surface area >50 m²/g) in high-tech fields has expanded rapidly, such as smart windows (energy saving >20%), lithium-ion batteries (capacity > 200 mAh/g), and photocatalytic water splitting (solar energy utilization rate >5%).
The research background of tungsten yellow is closely related to the global energy crisis, environmental pollution and the demand for intelligent manufacturing. In the energy sector, clean energy (e.g., hydrogen, with market demand growth > 10%/year) and efficient energy storage (e.g., supercapacitors, power density >10 kW/kg) are driving the use of tungsten in photocatalytic hydrogen production and electrode materials. In the environmental field, the photocatalytic degradation (organic matter removal rate > 90%) and gas sensing (detection limit <0.1 ppm) of yellow tungsten trioxide provide solutions for air purification and wastewater treatment. In the field of smart materials, the electrochromic and gas-sensitive properties of tungsten support the development of smart displays (response time <1 second) and sensors (sensitivity > 100). In addition, the application of tungsten in emerging fields such as fireproof fabrics (LOI>30%), agricultural films (temperature rise >2°C) and biomedicine (photothermal sterilization rate >99%) further broadened its market potential (growth rate >8%/year).
However, there are challenges in the production and application of yellow tungsten trioxide, including high energy consumption (1–5 kWh/kg), waste discharge (W<0.5 mg/L), and safety of nanomaterials (dust < 10 mg/m³). These problems have prompted academia and industry to study the crystal structure (monoclinic, hexagonal, etc.), preparation methods (hydrothermal method, vapor deposition) and performance optimization (doping to increase the conductivity by >30%). Therefore, the systematic study of the properties, preparation and application of yellow tungsten trioxide is not only of great scientific significance, but also has practical value for promoting green manufacturing and sustainable development (carbon emission target < 0.1 kg/kg).
1.2 Research Objectives and Innovations
The purpose of this study is to comprehensively and systematically explore the basic properties, preparation technology, detection methods and multi-field applications of yellow tungsten trioxide, and to provide theoretical guidance and practical reference for its scientific research and industrialization. The specific research objectives include the following aspects: firstly, to elucidate the internal relationship between the physicochemical properties (band gap, density, solubility) and crystal structure (monoclinic and hexagonal) of yellow tungsten trioxide, and to reveal the structure-property relationship (electron transport, ion diffusion). Secondly, the traditional (high-temperature solid-phase method, sol-gel method) and new preparation methods (electrochemical deposition, biological template method) of yellow tungsten trioxide were sorted out, and the process parameters (energy consumption < 1 kWh/kg, yield >95%). Thirdly, the application potential of tungsten in the fields of tungsten products (carbide hardness > 90 HRA), energy (battery capacity> 200 mAh/g), environment (degradation rate >90%) and smart materials (coloring efficiency > 50 cm²/C) were analyzed, and performance improvement strategies (doping and compounding) were proposed. Finally, the safety (LD50>2000 mg/kg) and environmental impact (waste W<0.1 mg/L) of yellow tungsten trioxide were evaluated, and suggestions for green production and standardization (compliance rate > 95%) were put forward.
Innovations in this study include:
1. Structure-performance correlation system analysis: X-ray diffraction (XRD, angular accuracy ±0.01°) and first-principles calculations (accuracy ±0.1 eV) to reveal the influence of the tungsten crystal structure (monoclinic and hexagonal) on the electron band (band gap 2.6–2.8 eV), ion transport (diffusion coefficient >10⁻¹² cm²/s) and catalytic performance (TOF>10 s⁻¹) to fill the nanoWO₃ Gaps in characterization studies (literature coverage < 50%).
2. Optimization of new preparation process: The biological template method (cost < US$50/kg) and low-temperature hydrothermal method (<150°C) were proposed to achieve efficient synthesis of nano-WO₃ (particle size <50 nm, yield >90%), reduce energy consumption (<0.5 kWh/kg) and improve morphology controllability (deviation <5%). 3. Integrated research on cross-domain applications: For the first time, the application data of yellow tungsten trioxide in emerging fields such as fireproof fabrics (LOI>30%), agricultural films (near-infrared absorption>80%) and biomedical (photothermal efficiency >40%), and composite strategies (such as WO₃/graphene) were proposed to improve performance (20–30%).
4. Comprehensive assessment of safety and environmental protection: Combined with MSDS and environmental protection standards (GB 25466-2010), the environmental impact of yellow tungsten trioxide production (CO₂<0.5 kg/kg, W emission <0.05 mg/L) was quantified, and waste recycling (>85%) and green process solutions were proposed to help sustainable development (market potential > US$2 billion/year).
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