Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Overview of Tungsten Boride
1.2 Research Background and Significance of Tungsten Boride
1.3 Historical Development of Tungsten Boride
1.4 Structure and Instructions of Tungsten Boride Book
Chapter 2 Chemical and Physical Properties of Tungsten Boride
2.1 Chemical composition of tungsten boride (WB, WB₂ , W₂B , etc.)
2.2 Crystal structure and bonding characteristics of tungsten boride
2.3 Thermodynamics and stability of tungsten boride
2.4 Electrical and magnetic properties of tungsten boride
2.5 Mechanical properties of tungsten boride (hardness, toughness)
Chapter 3 Theoretical Study on Tungsten Boride
3.1 Density functional theory (DFT) analysis of tungsten boride
3.2 Electronic structure and band theory of tungsten boride
3.3 Surface and interface properties of tungsten boride
3.4 Defects and doping effects of tungsten boride
3.5 Applications of computational simulation of tungsten boride
Chapter 4 Raw Materials and Resources of Tungsten Boride
4.1 Tungsten and boron mineral resources of tungsten boride raw materials
4.2 Tungsten boride raw material purification technology
4.3 Tungsten boride global supply chain and geopolitical impact
4.4 Tungsten boride resource sustainability and substitutes
Chapter 5 Preparation Technology of Tungsten Boride
5.1 High-temperature solid-phase synthesis of tungsten boride
5.2 Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of tungsten boride
5.3 Plasma-assisted synthesis of tungsten boride
5.4 Mechanical alloying and ball milling of tungsten boride
5.5 Preparation of tungsten boride nanomaterials
5.6 Process optimization and scale-up of tungsten boride
Chapter 6 Quality Control and Inspection of Tungsten Boride
6.1 Chemical composition analysis of tungsten boride (ICP-MS, XRF)
6.2 Crystal structure detection of tungsten boride (XRD, TEM)
6.3 Surface morphology and particle size analysis of tungsten boride (SEM, AFM)
6.4 Performance test of tungsten boride (hardness, conductivity)
6.5 Quality standard of tungsten boride (ISO, GB/T)
Chapter 7 Application of Tungsten Boride in Hard Coating
7.1 Performance advantages of tungsten boride coating
7.2 Application of tungsten boride coating in cutting tools
7.3 Application of tungsten boride coating in molds
7.4 Preparation and optimization of tungsten boride coating
7.5 Performance of tungsten boride coating in wear and corrosion environment
7.6 Market and Future Trends of Tungsten Boride Coating
Chapter 8 Application of Tungsten Boride in High Temperature Materials
8.1 Tungsten Boride Aerospace High Temperature Parts
8.2 Application of Tungsten Boride in High Temperature Furnaces and Thermal Barriers
8.3 Thermal Conductivity and Thermal Expansion Properties of Tungsten Boride
8.4 Oxidation and corrosion resistance of tungsten boride in high temperature environment
8.5 Preparation technology of high temperature tungsten boride materials
8.6 Application Prospects and Challenges of Tungsten Boride High-Temperature Materials
Chapter 9 Application of Tungsten Boride in Electronic Devices
9.1 Application of Tungsten Boride in Conductive Films
9.2 Application of Tungsten Boride in Electrode Materials
9.3 Application of Tungsten Boride in Sensors
9.4 Potential of Tungsten Boride in Semiconductor Devices
9.5 Preparation Technology of Tungsten Boride Electronic Devices
9.6 Market and Development Trends of Tungsten Boride Electronic Devices
Chapter 10 Catalysis and Chemical Applications of Tungsten Boride
10.1 Application of Tungsten Boride in Electrocatalysis
10.2 Application of Tungsten Boride in Photocatalysis
10.3 Application of Tungsten Boride in Chemical Reaction Catalysis
10.4 Surface Chemistry and Active Sites of Tungsten Boride Catalysts
10.5 Preparation and Optimization of Tungsten Boride Catalyst
10.6 Industrial Prospects and Challenges of Tungsten Boride Catalytic Application
Chapter 11 Biomedical Applications of Tungsten Boride
11.1 Application of Tungsten Boride in Biomedical Coatings
11.2 Application of Tungsten Boride Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery
11.3 Application of Tungsten Boride in Biosensors
11.4 Biocompatibility and safety of tungsten boride
11.5 Preparation Technology of Tungsten Boride Biomedical Materials
11.6 Prospects and Challenges of Biomedical Applications of Tungsten Boride
Chapter 12 Energy Application of Tungsten Boride
12.1 Application of Tungsten Boride in Battery Materials
12.2 Application of Tungsten Boride in Fuel Cells
12.3 Application of Tungsten Boride in Solar Cells
12.4 Potential of Tungsten Boride in Hydrogen Storage Materials
12.5 Preparation Technology of Tungsten Boride Energy Materials
12.6 Market and Development Trends of Tungsten Boride Energy Applications
Chapter 13 Mechanical and Structural Applications of Tungsten Boride
13.1 Application of Tungsten Boride in Wear-Resistant Coatings
13.2 Application of Tungsten Boride in Cutting Tools
13.3 Application of Tungsten Boride in Structural Composite Materials
13.4 Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Tungsten Boride
13.5 Preparation Technology of Tungsten Boride Mechanical Materials
13.6 Market and Development Trends of Tungsten Boride Mechanical Applications
Chapter 14 Industrialization and Market Analysis of Tungsten Boride
14.1 Global Market Overview of Tungsten Boride
14.2 Production Cost and Price Analysis of Tungsten Boride
14.3 Industrialization Technology and Large-Scale Production of Tungsten Boride
14.4 Market Distribution of Tungsten Boride in Major Industries
14.5 Competition and Substitute Analysis of Tungsten Boride Market
14.6 Future Trends and Policy Impacts of Tungsten Boride Industrialization
Chapter 15 Standards and Regulatory Requirements for Tungsten Boride
15.1 Overview of International Standards Related to Tungsten Boride
15.2 Environmental and Safety Regulations for Tungsten Boride
15.3 Regulatory Requirements for Tungsten Boride in the Biomedical Field
15.4 Testing and Certification Process of Tungsten Boride
15.5 Analysis of Regional Differences in Tungsten Boride Standardization
15.6 Challenges and Future Development of Tungsten Boride Regulatory Compliance
Chapter 16 Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development of Tungsten Boride
16.1 Environmental Impact Assessment of Tungsten Boride Production
16.2 Green Manufacturing Technology of Tungsten Boride
16.3 Tungsten Boride Waste Treatment and Recycling
16.4 Contribution of Tungsten Boride to Sustainable Energy
16.5 Carbon Footprint and Emission Reduction Strategies of Tungsten Boride
16.6 Policy and Market Drivers for Sustainable Development of Tungsten Boride
Chapter 17 Intelligent and Digital Technology Application of Tungsten Boride
17.1 Artificial Intelligence Optimization in Tungsten Boride Production
17.2 Application of Tungsten Boride in Smart Sensors
17.3 Digital Quality Control Technology of Tungsten Boride
17.4 Potential of Tungsten Boride in Blockchain Traceability
17.5 Case Study of Intelligent Manufacturing of Tungsten Boride
17.6 Future Trends of Intelligentization and Digitalization of Tungsten Boride
Chapter 18 Future Research Directions and Technology Outlook of Tungsten Boride
18.1 Exploration of a new synthesis method for tungsten boride
18.2 Potential of Tungsten Boride in Next Generation Electronic Devices
18.3 Breakthrough Directions of Tungsten Boride Catalysis and Energy Technology
18.4 Innovative Applications of Tungsten Boride in Biomedical Field
18.5 The Frontier of Intelligent and Green Manufacturing of Tungsten Boride
18.6 Global Cooperation and Technical Challenges in Tungsten Boride Research
Appendix
Appendix 1: Tungsten Boride Terms and Abbreviations
1.1 Tungsten Boride Related Terms
1.2 Tungsten Boride Abbreviations
Appendix 2: Tungsten Boride References
2.1 Academic Literature on Tungsten Boride
2.2 Patent Literature on Tungsten Boride
2.3 Standards and Regulations on Tungsten Boride
Appendix 3: Data sheet of tungsten boride
3.1 Physical properties of tungsten boride
3.2 Production process parameters of tungsten boride
3.3 Application performance index of tungsten boride
Chapter 1 Introduction to Tungsten Boride
Tungsten boride (such as WB, WB₂ , W₂B ) is a type of high-performance transition metal boride. Due to its excellent hardness (>30 GPa ), high temperature stability (>2000°C) and excellent chemical inertness, it has shown wide application potential in hard coatings, high temperature materials, electronic devices and new energy fields (Chapter 7.1, Chapter 9.1). This chapter provides readers with a comprehensive introductory perspective by elaborating on the overview, research background and significance, historical development and structure of tungsten boride, laying the foundation for in-depth discussion in subsequent chapters (Chapters 2 to 17). The content of this chapter combines the technical accumulation of CTIA GROUP LTD in the production and application of tungsten boride, aiming to provide a reference for academic research, industrial development and policy making.
1.1 Overview of Tungsten Boride
Tungsten boride is a class of compounds composed of tungsten (W) and boron ( B). Common forms include monoboride (WB), diboride (WB₂ ) and pentaboride (W₂B ) . Its chemical composition and crystal structure give it unique physical and chemical properties (Chapter 2, 2.1). The Mohs hardness of tungsten boride can reach 9.5, close to diamond (10), and the Vickers hardness (HV) is in the range of 30–40 GPa , far exceeding traditional cemented carbides (such as WC, ~20 GPa ). Its melting point is as high as 2600–2800°C, and its thermal conductivity is about 20–50 W/( m·K ), which makes it perform well in high temperature environments (such as aerospace components, Chapter 8, 8.1). In addition, the electrical conductivity (~10 ⁴ S/cm) and chemical stability (acid and alkali corrosion resistance, pH 2–12) of tungsten boride support its application in electrode materials and catalyst supports (Chapter 9, 9.2, Chapter 10, 10.1).
The crystal structure of tungsten boride is diverse. WB is usually orthorhombic (space group Cmcm ), WB₂ is hexagonal (P6₃ / mmc), and W₂B is tetragonal (I4/mcm). These structures determine its anisotropic mechanical and electrical properties (Chapter 2.2). For example, the compression modulus of WB₂ along the c-axis can reach 600 GPa , which is suitable for wear-resistant coatings (Chapter 7.2). The synthesis of tungsten boride is mainly achieved through high-temperature solid-phase reaction (>1500°C), chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or mechanical alloying (Chapter 5.1–5.4). CTIA GROUP LTD uses plasma-assisted technology (Chapter 5.3) to achieve efficient production of nano-scale WB₂ powder (particle size <50 nm), with a purity of >99.9% and an annual production capacity of 500 tons.
The application areas of tungsten boride cover traditional industries (such as tool coatings, Chapter 7, 7.1) and cutting-edge technologies (such as nanosensors, Chapter 10, 10.3). In 2024, the global tungsten boride market is expected to be worth about $200 million, and is expected to reach $500 million in 2030, with a CAGR of 15% (Chapter 14, 14.5). CTIA GROUP LTD ‘s tungsten boride products are widely used in hard coatings and high-temperature materials to meet the needs of the aerospace and energy industries (Chapter 8, 8.1, Chapter 9, 9.4). However, the toxicity of tungsten boride (inhalation of dust may cause pulmonary fibrosis, Chapter 13, 13.1) and high production costs (~$200/kg, Chapter 14, 14.2) still need further research and optimization.
1.2 Research background and significance of tungsten boride
The research on tungsten boride stems from the demand for high-performance materials, especially for applications in extreme environments (such as high temperature, high pressure, and strong corrosion). In the early 20th century, cemented carbides (such as WC) dominated the wear-resistant material market, but their high temperature performance was limited (<1000°C), which promoted the exploration of transition metal borides (Chapter 8, 8.4). Tungsten boride has become an ideal candidate to replace traditional ceramics (such as Al₂O₃ , SiC ) and metal alloys (such as Ni-based alloys) due to its high hardness, thermal stability , and chemical inertness.
1.2.1 Academic Research Background
Theoretical research on tungsten boride focuses on its electronic structure and mechanical properties (Chapter 3, 3.1–3.2). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that the strong WB covalent bonds and BB network of WB ₂ make its hardness close to that of superhard materials (such as c-BN). In 2024, about 500 SCI papers related to tungsten boride were published worldwide, focusing on the effects of doping (such as Ti, Zr) on hardness and oxidation resistance (Chapter 3, 3.4). The laboratory supported by CTIA GROUP LTD optimized the fracture toughness of WB nanocoatings (~5 MPa·m¹/², Chapter 11, 11.1) through molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, providing a theoretical basis for industrial applications.
1.2.2 Industrial Application Significance
The significance of tungsten boride in industry is reflected in:
- Wear-resistant coatings : WB₂ coatings (thickness 2–5 μm ) have a coefficient of friction <0.3 on cutting tools and extend tool life by 50% (Chapter 7.1).
- High temperature materials : WB has an oxidation resistance of <1 mg/cm²·h at 2000°C, suitable for turbine blades (Chapter 8.1).
- Energy field : WB₂ is used as the negative electrode of lithium batteries, with a capacity of ~200 mAh /g and a cycle stability of >1000 times (Chapter 9.2). CTIA GROUP LTD ‘s tungsten boride coating technology has been applied to aerospace components, with an annual output value of over 100 million yuan (Chapter 14.3).
1.2.3 Social and environmental significance
The development of tungsten boride promotes efficient resource utilization and green manufacturing (Chapter 16.4). Its high durability reduces the frequency of material replacement and reduces carbon emissions (~0.5 tons CO₂ / ton coating, Chapter 16.2). CTIA GROUP LTD adopts a circular economy model to recycle waste tungsten boride powder (recycling rate>30%) and reduce tungsten mining (Chapter 16.3). However, the potential health risks of tungsten boride dust (Chapter 13.1) require strict safety regulations, such as CTIA GROUP LTD ‘s MSDS (Chapter 13.6), to ensure that the occupational exposure limit (OEL) is <0.1 mg/m³.
1.3 Historical Development of Tungsten Boride
The research and application of tungsten boride has evolved from basic exploration to industrialization. The following are the key milestones (see Table 1.3):
- 1900–1950: Early Discovery
In 1910, tungsten boride was first synthesized in the laboratory by reacting tungsten powder with boron in an electric arc furnace (>2000°C), confirming the existence of WB and W ₂ B. In the 1930s , X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed its crystal structure (Chapter 2.2), laying the theoretical foundation. - 1950–1980: Industrial Exploration
In 1955, tungsten boride was tried for wear-resistant coatings, but was limited by synthesis technology (yield <50%) and high cost (~ $500/kg). In 1970, high-temperature solid-phase synthesis (Chapter 5.1) achieved mass production of WB ₂ , and hardness tests (HV~35 GPa ) proved that it was superior to WC. - 1980–2000: Technological breakthroughs
In 1985, chemical vapor deposition (CVD, Chapter 5, 5.2) was used to prepare WB coatings with a thickness of 1–10 μm and a friction coefficient of 0.4. In 1995, nano-tungsten boride (particle size <100 nm) was synthesized by mechanical alloying (Chapter 5, 5.4), opening up the application of nanotechnology (Chapter 10, 10.1). - 2000–2020: Diversified Applications
In 2005, WB₂ was used in lithium battery electrodes (Chapter 9.2), with a capacity of 180 mAh /g. In 2015, CTIA GROUP LTD developed plasma-assisted synthesis (Chapter 5.3) to produce nano WB₂ ( purity>99.8%), with the cost reduced to $200/kg. In 2020, tungsten boride sensors (Chapter 10.3) achieved NO₂ detection (<1 ppm). - 2020–2025: Intelligentization and Greening
In 2024, CTIA GROUP LTD will introduce AI to optimize tungsten boride production (Chapter 17, 17.5), increase yield by 20%, and reduce energy consumption by 15% (<500 kWh/ton). In 2025, its tungsten boride MSDS (Chapter 13, 13.6) will be updated to comply with REACH and GB/T standards (Chapter 15, 15.2), supporting global exports.
READ MORE: Encyclopedia of Tungsten Boride
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