Doping with other elements is optional in the production of cleaned tungsten wire. Pure tungsten is prone to grain growth and embrittlement at high temperatures; therefore, trace elements (such as potassium, silicon, aluminum, thorium, or rare earth elements like cerium and lanthanum) are often added to improve its properties. Doping enhances the high-temperature strength, ductility, and creep resistance of tungsten wire, particularly in filament or other high-temperature applications. For example:
Potassium doping: Forms fine potassium bubbles that inhibit grain growth and improve high-temperature performance.
Thorium oxide (ThO₂): Used in thorium-doped tungsten wire to reduce electron work function, suitable for electron tube applications.
Rare earth elements: Such as lanthanum oxide (La₂O₃) or cerium oxide (CeO₂), which improve resistance to high-temperature deformation.
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