The chemical formula of tungsten bronze is generally represented as MxWO3M_xWO_3MxWO3, where MMM stands for a metal element (such as alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, ammonium ions, or rare earth metal ions), and xxx is a value between 0 and 1.
Tungsten bronze is a non-stoichiometric compound with a metallic luster and a range of vibrant colors, which vary depending on the types of MMM and the value of xxx. For instance, when MMM is the metal sodium (Na), the color of NaxWO3Na_xWO_3NaxWO3 changes from golden yellow to light blue-gray as the xxx value decreases. When MMM is NH4+NH_4^+NH4+, the color of (NH4)xWO3(NH_4)_xWO_3(NH4)xWO3 is blue, and when MMM is cesium (Cs), Cs0.33WO3Cs_{0.33}WO_3Cs0.33WO3 is blue-black.
There are several methods to synthesize tungsten bronze, including hydrogen reduction, electrolytic reduction, vapor deposition, and solid-state or molten-state reactions. Among these, the solid-state reaction method is widely used due to its practicality.
In terms of applications, tungsten bronze’s excellent properties allow it to be used in various fields, such as energy storage, optics, electronics, catalysis, and materials science. Applications include use as an anode material for batteries, heat-insulating coatings, window films, transparent conductive electrodes, resistors, capacitors, chemical reaction catalysts, and superconducting materials.
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