Oxygen vacancy tungsten oxide (WO3-x) includes various types where oxygen atoms partially vacate the lattice of tungsten trioxide (WO3), leading to unique properties. These types offer advantages in mechanical, optical, thermal, and electrical applications. Here’s a summary of the main types:
- Blue Tungsten Oxide (WO2.90)
- Characteristics: Blue tungsten oxide (WO2.90) is the most common type of oxygen vacancy tungsten oxide. It typically contains 80.00%-80.80% tungsten, with a density of 2.4-2.8 g/cm³, and a particle size of 12-19 µm. It appears light blue under light and dark blue in darkness due to its special crystal structure and oxygen deficiency.
- Applications: Used in high-quality energy storage products and photothermal devices, and has potential in optical materials, electronic materials, and catalysis.
- Purple Tungsten Oxide (WO2.72 or W18O49)
- Characteristics: Known as γ-tungsten oxide, it is typically purple or blue-purple powder and has excellent photocatalytic activity, gas sensitivity, electrochromic, and optical properties. Its performance is closely linked to particle size, as it has high mesopore volume, low micropore volume, narrow pore distribution, and large average pore diameter.
- Types by Particle Size:
- Coarse particles: 100–1000 µm, used in tungsten carbide (WC) production for hard alloy tools.
- Fine particles: 1–100 µm, raw material for fine WC powder in cutting tools.
- Ultrafine particles: 100–1000 nm, used for ultrafine tungsten and tungsten carbide powders.
- Nanoparticles: 1–100 nm, with distinct optical, electrical, thermal, and catalytic properties.
- Applications: Used in optical materials, electronic materials, catalysts, and energy storage batteries, particularly in photocatalysis due to high catalytic activity.
- Other Types of Oxygen Vacancy Tungsten Oxide
Other types arise based on oxygen content and synthesis methods, including:
- Yellow Tungsten Oxide (WO3): Although stable, it may exhibit oxygen vacancy under specific conditions. It has a density of 7.16 g/cm³, a melting point of 1473°C, and a boiling point of 1750°C. It is insoluble in water and most acids (except HF) and dissolves in alkaline solutions.
- Brown Tungsten Oxide (WO2): An unstable compound that easily oxidizes to WO3 or reduces to metallic W depending on conditions. It has a density of around 10.9-11.1 g/cm³, melts between 1500-1600°C, and boils around 1730°C. It is insoluble in water, alkali solutions, hydrochloric acid, and dilute sulfuric acid.
The types and properties of oxygen vacancy tungsten oxides can be influenced by synthesis methods, conditions, and subsequent processing. Emerging techniques and research may continue to yield new types and applications for WO3-x materials.
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