The single-layer and multi-layer structures of tungsten disulfide exhibit obvious differences in atomic arrangement, physical properties, and application potentials.
In terms of atomic arrangement, a single-layer tungsten disulfide is composed of a layer of tungsten atoms sandwiched between two layers of sulfur atoms, forming a complete sandwich structure unit. Within this unit, the tungsten atom is closely connected to six surrounding sulfur atoms in an octahedral coordination manner and presents an orderly hexagonal grid-like arrangement in the two-dimensional plane. A multi-layer tungsten disulfide, on the other hand, is composed of multiple such single-layer structures stacked together through van der Waals forces. As the number of layers increases, although the atomic arrangement within each layer remains basically the same, the relative positions and interactions between layers become more complex. For example, in a multi-layer structure, there may be different stacking modes between adjacent layers, such as the ABAB type or the ABCABC type. Different stacking modes will affect the interaction between atoms and the overall structural symmetry.
The differences in physical properties are quite significant. In terms of electrical performance, single-layer tungsten disulfide has a direct bandgap. This means that when electrons transition between the conduction band and the valence band, they do not need the participation of phonons, and the efficiency of light absorption and emission is relatively high, which has unique advantages in optoelectronic device applications. For example, in a photodetector, single-layer tungsten disulfide can quickly respond to light signals, convert light into electrical signals, and has a fast response speed and high sensitivity. In contrast, multi-layer tungsten disulfide usually exhibits an indirect bandgap. Electrons need the assistance of phonons to transition, and the efficiency of light absorption and emission is relatively low. Its electrical performance is quite different from that of the single-layer structure as a whole. In terms of mechanical properties, since a single-layer tungsten disulfide has only one layer of atomic structure, it is relatively thin and fragile, and its tensile strength and toughness are different from those of the multi-layer structure. In a multi-layer tungsten disulfide, due to the van der Waals forces between layers, when subjected to external forces, the layers can slide relative to each other to disperse energy, which enhances the overall mechanical properties of the material to a certain extent. For example, in some mechanical lubrication applications, the multi-layer structure can better withstand greater pressure and friction. The optical properties are also different. The light absorption and emission characteristics of single-layer tungsten disulfide are different from those of the multi-layer structure. Due to the quantum confinement effect, single-layer tungsten disulfide has a stronger absorption of light of specific wavelengths. In the field of photocatalysis, it can more effectively utilize solar energy to excite photogenerated carriers to participate in chemical reactions, while the light absorption spectrum of multi-layer tungsten disulfide is relatively wider, but the absorption intensity at some wavelengths is not as strong as that of the single-layer structure.
In terms of application potentials, single-layer tungsten disulfide has great application prospects in cutting-edge fields such as high-performance optoelectronic devices, single-molecule sensors, and quantum information technology due to its unique electrical and optical properties. For example, in a single-molecule sensor, the high specific surface area and sensitivity to molecular adsorption of single-layer tungsten disulfide enable it to detect the presence and changes of single molecules. Multi-layer tungsten disulfide, due to its better mechanical properties and relatively stable electrical performance, has a wide range of applications in traditional fields such as mechanical lubrication and lithium-ion battery electrode materials. In a lithium-ion battery, the layered structure of multi-layer tungsten disulfide can provide channels for the insertion and extraction of lithium ions. During the charge-discharge process, the interlayer structure can remain relatively stable, ensuring the cycle life and charge-discharge performance of the battery.
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