The 2H phase of tungsten disulfide is one of the most common phases of tungsten disulfide and exhibits distinct characteristics in terms of crystal structure, electronic properties, and application performance.
In terms of the crystal structure, the 2H phase of tungsten disulfide belongs to the hexagonal crystal system. Its basic structure unit consists of a layer of tungsten atoms sandwiched between two layers of sulfur atoms, just like a sandwich structure. Within each layer, the tungsten atom is surrounded by six sulfur atoms in an octahedral coordination manner, forming a stable structural motif. These motifs are regularly arranged in a two-dimensional plane in the form of a hexagonal grid, constructing a single-layer structure. Numerous single-layer structures are orderly stacked along the c-axis direction through weak van der Waals forces, and the stacking mode presents the ABAB type, that is, the atomic positions of adjacent layers are staggered from each other. This regular stacking endows the crystal with a high degree of symmetry and stability. The tungsten-sulfur atoms within the layer are connected by strong covalent bonds, ensuring the stability of the structure within the layer. Although the van der Waals forces between the layers are weak, they maintain the overall integrity of the layered structure.
In terms of electronic properties, the 2H phase of tungsten disulfide exhibits semiconductor properties. Its energy band structure has a bandgap of a certain width, usually between 1.2 – 1.9 eV, and the specific value is affected by factors such as the integrity of the crystal structure and the content of impurities. Electrons need to absorb specific energy to cross the bandgap when transitioning from the valence band to the conduction band. This semiconductor property makes the 2H phase of tungsten disulfide have great application potential in fields such as optoelectronic devices and sensors. In the field of photocatalysis, when illuminated by light with energy greater than its bandgap, the electrons in the valence band are excited and transition to the conduction band, forming photogenerated electron-hole pairs. These photogenerated carriers can participate in redox reactions, decomposing water to produce hydrogen or degrading organic pollutants. Since the 2H phase has a relatively stable crystal structure, it can maintain structural stability during the photocatalysis process and continuously play a catalytic role.
In terms of application performance, the layered structure of the 2H phase of tungsten disulfide endows it with excellent lubricating properties. The weak van der Waals forces between the layers allow the layers to slide relative to each other. In the process of friction, it can effectively reduce the friction coefficient. Under extreme working conditions such as high temperature and high pressure, the 2H phase of tungsten disulfide can maintain structural stability and continuously exert a lubricating effect, and it is widely used in the lubrication of high-temperature and high-load mechanical components in the aerospace, mechanical manufacturing, and other fields. In the field of lithium-ion batteries, the layered structure of the 2H phase of tungsten disulfide can provide channels for the insertion and extraction of lithium ions. The reversible insertion and extraction of lithium ions between the layers realize the charge-discharge process of the battery. Its relatively high theoretical specific capacity (about 670 mAh/g) and good cycle stability make it a potential electrode material for lithium-ion batteries. However, in practical applications, due to problems such as low electronic conductivity, methods such as compounding with conductive materials or surface modification are often required to improve its electrochemical performance. In addition, the 2H phase of tungsten disulfide has an adsorption characteristic for specific gases and can be used for gas sensing. The interaction between its surface atoms and gas molecules will change the electrical properties of the material. By detecting the changes in electrical signals, the type and concentration of the gas can be detected, which has application prospects in fields such as environmental monitoring and industrial safety.
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