Mechanical strength encompasses tensile, compressive, and shear properties. WS₂’s mechanical strength is anisotropic due to its layered structure. Within layers, strong W-S covalent bonds provide high in-plane tensile strength, estimated at 10-15 GPa for single-layer WS₂ (via nanoindentation or DFT simulations), comparable to MoS₂. However, interlayer van der Waals forces are weak (~0.1-0.2 GPa shear strength), making bulk WS₂ prone to delamination under stress.
Tensile strength drops in bulk form (1-2 GPa) due to defects and interlayer sliding, limiting its use as a standalone structural material. Compressive strength is moderate (~1-2 GPa), as layers buckle or shear under pressure, while shear strength is low, aligning with its lubricity (shear modulus ~10-15 GPa). Compared to metals (e.g., steel, ~400 MPa yield strength), WS₂ is weaker, but its nanoscale forms excel: WS₂ nanotubes or fullerenes reach tensile strengths of 16-20 GPa due to defect-free structures.
Mechanical strength depends on form and scale. Bulk WS₂ fractures easily along layers, while nanosheets or films resist in-plane stress better. Temperature affects strength minimally below decomposition (1250°C inert, 510°C air), though oxidation weakens it. Synthesis defects (e.g., hydrothermal porosity) reduce strength, while annealing enhances it. In applications, WS₂ reinforces composites or coatings, leveraging substrate strength, not its own.
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