Solubility refers to a material’s ability to dissolve in a solvent. WS₂ is highly insoluble in most common solvents due to its covalent, layered structure and lack of polar or ionic character. It does not dissolve in water, alcohols (e.g., ethanol), dilute acids (e.g., HCl), or organic solvents (e.g., acetone, toluene) at standard conditions, reflecting strong W-S bonds and weak interlayer interactions that resist disruption by solvent molecules.
In water, WS₂’s hydrophobicity prevents dissolution, with solubility effectively zero (<10⁻⁶ g/L). Dilute acids like HCl or H₂SO₄ have no effect, as WS₂ lacks basic sites to protonate. Strong oxidants (e.g., HNO₃ or aqua regia) react slowly, forming WO₃ and H₂S rather than dissolving it outright, with reaction rates depending on concentration and temperature. Molten alkalis (e.g., NaOH at 500°C) decompose WS₂ into soluble tungstates and sulfides, but this is a chemical transformation, not true solubility.
Compared to ionic compounds (e.g., NaCl), WS₂’s insolubility is extreme, akin to MoS₂ or graphite. This property enhances its use in wet environments (e.g., lubricant coatings), though it limits solution-based processing. Solubility tests (e.g., immersion in solvents with UV-Vis analysis) confirm its inertness, guiding applications where chemical stability is paramount.
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