Preface
Tungsten, a transition metal known for its high melting point, high density and excellent corrosion resistance, has become an indispensable cornerstone of modern industry and cutting-edge technology since its discovery in the 18th century. From early incandescent filaments to today’s carbide cutting tools, the first wall material of nuclear fusion devices, and nanoscale optoelectronic devices, the wide application of tungsten demonstrates its unique position in the field of materials science. As one of the main forms of tungsten, tungsten powder is not only the core raw material for the production of tungsten-based materials, but also a key carrier for promoting technological innovation. Especially in recent years, with the rise of nanotechnology, high-purity nano tungsten powder has rapidly expanded the application boundaries of tungsten with its excellent photocatalytic, electrochromic and electromagnetic shielding properties, bringing new possibilities to fields such as energy, environment and intelligent manufacturing.
The writing of this book stems from the need for a comprehensive understanding of tungsten powder, a multifunctional material. Driven by the acceleration of global industrialization and the goal of sustainable development, the research and application of tungsten powder are undergoing profound changes. From microscopic exploration in the laboratory to large-scale industrial production, each particle of tungsten powder carries the integration of scientific principles and engineering practices. However, existing literature often focuses on a specific field, lacks systematicity and comprehensiveness, and cannot meet the needs of scientific researchers, engineers and industry decision makers for comprehensive knowledge. Therefore, through this book, we hope to build a bridge connecting basic science, production technology and application practice, and provide practitioners in the field of tungsten powder with an authoritative, practical and forward-looking reference guide.
The objectives of this book are multi-layered. First, we seek to reveal the scientific nature of tungsten powder, systematically analyzing its physical, chemical, and optical properties from its atomic structure and crystal properties to its surface effects at the nanoscale, laying a theoretical foundation for subsequent technology development. Second, we have combed through the preparation process of tungsten powder in detail, from the traditional hydrogen reduction method to modern advanced technologies such as plasma spheroidization and hydrothermal synthesis, covering the complete process of laboratory and industrial scale, and exploring the latest progress in surface modification and composite technology. In addition, this book comprehensively introduces the characterization methods and performance testing techniques of tungsten powder to ensure that readers can accurately evaluate its quality and function. Most importantly, we have deeply explored the application of tungsten powder in traditional fields such as cemented carbide, electronic devices, military nuclear industry, and additive manufacturing, while looking forward to its potential in cutting-edge fields such as quantum technology, smart materials, and sustainable development. Through global market analysis and technology trend forecasting, we hope that readers will not only understand the current status of technology, but also gain insight into future development directions.
The book is structured in six parts, twenty chapters, and eight appendices, striving to be comprehensive and organized. The first part, “Basic Science of Tungsten Powder”, focuses on the essential properties of tungsten and its powder form; the second part, “Tungsten Powder Preparation Technology”, details the manufacturing processes from traditional to advanced; the third part, “Tungsten Powder Performance and Characterization”, analyzes its physical, chemical and functional properties; the fourth part, “Tungsten Powder Characterization and Analysis Technology”, provides micro and macro testing methods; the fifth part, “Industrial and Emerging Applications of Tungsten Powder”, covers traditional and new application scenarios; the sixth part, “Frontier Research and Future Trends”, looks forward to the future role of tungsten powder in science and technology and society. The appendices provide practical resources such as standards, patents, and equipment lists to enhance the reference value of this book.
In the process of writing this book, we referred to a large number of authoritative documents, including the latest research results of top journals such as Nature and Acta Materialia, as well as international standards such as ASTM, ISO, GB/T, and integrated data and patent information of major global tungsten powder suppliers (such as American Elements and HC Starck). To ensure the practicality of the content, we visited many tungsten companies and invited experts in the fields of materials science, metallurgical engineering and nanotechnology to participate in the review. Special thanks to CTIA GROUP for its support. Their industry insights and technical information have added a lot of color to this book.
The target readers of this book include but are not limited to the following groups: researchers in the field of materials science and engineering who are eager to deeply understand the microscopic mechanism of tungsten powder; engineers in the cemented carbide, electronics, military and aerospace industries who seek to optimize production processes and application solutions; teachers and students of materials majors in colleges and universities who need systematic textbooks and research references; and industry analysts and policymakers who are concerned about the global pattern and sustainable development strategy of the tungsten powder market. Whether you are a novice who is new to tungsten powder or an expert who has been engaged in it for many years, we believe that this book can provide you with inspiration and help.
The world of tungsten powder is both tiny and vast. From a nanoparticle to a huge system that supports industrial civilization, it has witnessed the progress of human technology and carries the hope for the future. We hope that this book is not only a compilation of knowledge, but also an invitation to explore the mysteries of tungsten powder and jointly promote its new chapter in science and industry. In this process, your feedback and participation are crucial. Please communicate with us through the contact information in the appendix of this book to share your insights and needs.
May this book be a good companion in your research and practice, and may the potential of tungsten powder shine in your hands!
CONTENT
Preface
The scientific and industrial value of tungsten powder
Book Structure and Objectives
Acknowledgements and Data Sources
Part 1 Basic Science of Tungsten Powder
Chapter 1 Physical and Chemical Properties of Tungsten
1.1 Atomic Structure and Electronic Properties of Tungsten
1.2 Crystal Structure (BCC, HCP Phase Transition and Crystal Defects)
1.3 Thermodynamic Properties (Melting Point, Thermal Expansion Coefficient, Vapor Pressure)
1.4 Chemical Stability (Corrosion Resistance, Oxidation Behavior and Reactivity)
Chapter 2 Morphology and Classification of Tungsten Powder
2.1 Particle Size Distribution and Morphology (Spherical, Flake, Porous Structure)
2.2 Ultrafine Tungsten Powder (Submicron) and Nano Tungsten Powder (<100 nm)
2.3 High Purity Tungsten Powder (>99.95%) and Doped Tungsten Powder (La ₂ O ₃ , K, Y ₂ O ₃ )
2.4 Tungsten Oxide Morphology (WO₃ , WO₂.₉ , WO₂.₇₂ ) and Its Characteristics
2.5 The advantages and disadvantages of particle size distribution of tungsten powder
2.6 Industrial significance of particle size distribution of tungsten powder
Part 2 Tungsten Powder Preparation Technology
Chapter 3 Traditional Metallurgical Processes
3.1 Hydrogen Reduction (APT/WO₃ Reduction , Process Parameter Optimization)
3.2 Carbothermal Reduction (Reaction Kinetics and Carbon Content Control)
3.3 Molten Salt Electrolysis (NaCl-KCl-WO₃ System and Electrolysis Parameters)
Chapter 4 Modern Advanced Preparation Technology
4.1 Plasma Spheroidization Technology (RF and DC Plasma Process)
4.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) and Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD)
4.3 Mechanical Alloying (High Energy Ball Milling and Nanocrystalline Tungsten Powder)
4.4 Synthesis of Nano-Tungsten Powder (Hydrothermal Method, Sol-Gel Method, Spray Pyrolysis)
Chapter 5 Surface Modification and Composite Technology
5.1 Surface coating (Effects of Ni, Cu, Ag on sintering and performance)
5.2 Tungsten-based composite materials (W-Cu, W-Ni-Fe, W-ZrO ₂ )
5.3 Functionalized tungsten powder (antibacterial, conductive, radiation shielding modification)
5.4 Dispersion preparation (water-based, alcohol-based dispersion process and stability
Part 3 Tungsten Powder Properties and Characterization
Chapter 6 Physical and Mechanical Properties
6.1 Density and Porosity (Comparison of Tap Density and Theoretical Density)
6.2 Hardness and Wear Resistance (Vickers Hardness, Nanoindentation Test)
6.3 High Temperature Properties (Creep Resistance, Thermal Fatigue and Phase Transformation Behavior)
Chapter 7 Thermal and Electrical Properties
7.1 Thermal Conductivity and Thermal Expansion Coefficient (Temperature Dependence and Testing)
7.2 Electrical Conductivity and Electron Emission Properties (Field Emission, Thermionic Emission)
7.3 Electromagnetic Shielding and Absorption Properties (GHz Band Performance）
Chapter 8 Chemical and Optical Properties
8.1 Oxidation Kinetics (High-Temperature Oxidation Model and Protection Strategy)
8.2 Corrosion Resistance (Degradation Mechanism in Acid and Alkaline Media)
8.3 Optical Properties (Band Gap, Light Absorption and Electrochromic Properties)
Part 4 Characterization and Analysis Technology of Tungsten Powder
Chapter 9 Microstructure and Morphology Analysis
9.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
9.2 X- ray Diffraction (XRD) and Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD)
9.3 Specific Surface Area and Porosity Analysis (BET, Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry)
Chapter 10 Composition and Surface Analysis
10.1 X- ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES)
10.2 Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP-MS) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS)
10.3 Surface Chemical State and Contamination Detection (TOF-SIMS)
Chapter 11 Tungsten Powder Performance Testing Technology
11.1 Mechanical Performance Testing (Tensile, Compression, Three-Point Bending)
11.2 Thermal Analysis Technology (DSC, TGA, Thermal Dilatometer)
11.3 Electrical and Electromagnetic Testing (Four-Probe Method, Vector Network Analyzer)
Part 5 Industrial and Emerging Applications of Tungsten Powder
Chapter 12 Cemented Carbide and Cutting Tools
12.1 Synthesis and Sintering Process of Tungsten Carbide (WC)
12.2 Performance Optimization of Cemented Carbide Tools (Turning Tools, Milling Cutters)
12.3 Superhard Coatings (CVD-WC, Diamond Coatings)
Chapter 13 Electronics and Energy Applications
13.1 Cathode Materials (Thermionic and Field Emission Cathodes)
13.2 Semiconductor Packaging and Heat Sinks (W-Cu, W-Ag)
13.3 Energy Storage (Battery Electrodes, Supercapacitors)
13.4 Electrochromic and Thermal Shielding (Smart Windows, Energy-Saving Coatings)
Chapter 14 Military and Nuclear Industry Applications
14.1 Armor-piercing projectiles and armor materials (W-Ni-Fe alloy)
14.2 Nuclear fusion first wall materials (anti-sputtering performance)
14.3 Radiation shielding (γ-ray and neutron absorption)
Chapter 15 Additive Manufacturing and Aerospace
15.1 Morphological Characteristics of Spherical Tungsten Powder for 3D Printing
15.2 Characteristics, process flow, advantages and suitable applications of Selective Laser Melting (SLM) and Electron Beam Melting (EBM)
15.3 Aerospace high temperature components (turbine blades, combustion chambers)
15.4 3D printing conductive paste and composite materials
15.5 Application Status and Future Prospects of Spherical Tungsten Powder and 3D Alloy Products
Chapter 16 Other Emerging Applications
16.1 Medical Devices (Radiotherapy Collimators, Surgical Tools)
16.2 Pigments and Coatings (Fire Protection, Shielding, Artistic Pigments)
16.3 Gas Sensors and Photocatalysis (Environmental and Chemical Applications)
16.4 Sports, leisure, culture and art industries
Part 6 Frontier Research and Future Trends
Chapter 17 Quantum and Smart Technology of Nano-Tungsten Powder
17.1 Quantum Confinement Effect and Single Atomic Layer Tungsten
17.2 Application of Nano-Tungsten Powder in Quantum Dots and Optoelectronic Devices
17.3 Smart Materials (Shape Memory, Self-Healing Design)
Chapter 18 Sustainable Development and Circular Economy
18.1 History and Current Status of Tungsten Waste Recycling (Hydrometallurgical and Pyrometallurgical Technologies)
18.2 Hydrometallurgical Tungsten Waste Recovery Technology and Process
18.3 Pyrometallurgical Hydrometallurgical Tungsten Waste Recovery Technology and Process
18.4 Low – carbon production (hydrogen reduction and green chemistry)
18.5 Life cycle assessment (LCA) and carbon footprint
18.6 Historical Review and Future Development of Tungsten Powder Production Technology
Chapter 19 Global Market and Technology Trends of Tungsten Powder Industry
19.1 Supply and Demand Status and Price Trends (China, Europe, North America)
19.2 Major Manufacturers and Competition Landscape
19.3 Technological Innovation (Automation, Intelligent Production)
Chapter 20 Future Prospects of Tungsten Powder Research
20.1 Interdisciplinary Integration and Application of Tungsten Powder (Materials, Energy, Quantum Technology)
20.2 Production Technology Challenges and Solutions of Tungsten Powder
20.3 Strategic Significance of Tungsten Powder in Sustainable Development
20.4 Non-technical and non-market factors affecting tungsten powder and their possible future trends
Appendix
Appendix International Standards and Specifications (ASTM, ISO, GB/T)
Appendix: Quick Lookup Table of Physical Properties of Tungsten Powder (Density, Melting Point, Conductivity, etc.)
Appendix: Tungsten powder related patent list (global patent number and abstract)
Appendix: List of Tungsten Powder Production Equipment and Instruments
Appendix Tungsten Powder References (Multi-language versions: Chinese, English, Japanese, German, Russian, Korean)
Appendix Tungsten Powder Safety Handling Guide (MSDS and Protective Measures)
Appendix: Chinese and English Glossary
READ MORE: Tungsten Powder Physical , Chemical Properties, Preparation, & Applications
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