The magnetic characteristics of tungsten-nickel-iron alloy mainly stem from iron and nickel in its composition. Both elements are ferromagnetic substances, making the alloy show certain magnetism as a whole. The specific performance depends on factors such as the content ratio of iron and nickel, microstructure and heat treatment process. Generally speaking, when the total content of nickel and iron is in the range of 3% – 20%, the alloy will show soft magnetic properties, that is, it is easy to be magnetized under an external magnetic field, and when the external magnetic field is removed, most of the magnetism will disappear, with small residual magnetism. This property makes it have important application value in the electromagnetic field.
From the perspective of composition influence, the ratio of nickel to iron has a significant impact on magnetic characteristics. When the ratio of nickel to iron is close to 3:1, the alloy has high magnetic permeability, that is, it can generate stronger magnetic induction intensity under the same magnetic field strength. The alloy with this ratio is more sensitive to magnetic field changes, and is suitable for manufacturing components requiring high magnetic permeability, such as magnetic cores of magnetic sensors in precision instruments. If the iron content is relatively increased, the saturation magnetic induction intensity of the alloy will be improved, that is, the maximum magnetization intensity it can bear is greater, but the magnetic permeability may decrease slightly; when the nickel content is too high, although the toughness and processing performance of the alloy are improved, the magnetism may be weakened due to the weak magnetic characteristics of nickel.
Microstructure and heat treatment process can also change magnetic characteristics. For alloys prepared by powder metallurgy, if tungsten particles are evenly distributed and the nickel-iron binding phase forms a continuous magnetic network, it is conducive to the transmission of magnetic field and can improve magnetic permeability; on the contrary, if there are many pores or impurities inside, it will hinder the continuity of the magnetic circuit and reduce magnetic performance. Appropriate heat treatment (such as annealing under the protection of inert gas) can eliminate internal stress of the alloy, improve the crystallization state of the nickel-iron phase, further enhance its magnetic stability, and reduce hysteresis loss caused by stress.
In practical applications, the magnetic characteristics of tungsten-nickel-iron alloy make it suitable for various scenarios. For example, in the field of electromagnetic shielding, using its ability to absorb and attenuate magnetic fields, shielding covers can be made to reduce the interference of external magnetic fields on precision electronic equipment; in automatic control, it can be used as a sensitive element of magnetic switches to realize signal conversion and transmission through magnetic field changes; in medical equipment, some instruments that require precise magnetic field control also use the alloy as magnetic components. In addition, combined with its high density characteristic, the alloy can also play a unique role in occasions that need to meet both magnetic and counterweight requirements, such as rotors of some special motors.
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