The ionizing radiation actually addressed by tungsten alloy shielding containers primarily comprises γ-rays, high-energy X-rays, fast neutrons, thermal neutrons, and associated secondary charged particles and photons, each exhibiting distinct energy-dependent and particle-type-specific propagation behavior.
γ-rays and X-rays from medical linear accelerators possess considerable penetration capability, losing energy progressively through photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, and pair production. The photoelectric effect dominates at low energies, Compton scattering at medium energies, and pair production becomes significant at high energies. Fast neutrons first undergo inelastic scattering, transferring substantial kinetic energy in collisions with heavy nuclei and potentially generating secondary particles, followed by multiple elastic scatterings that further moderate them to thermal energies. Thermal neutrons travel comparatively longer distances and are mainly removed via capture reactions that release capture gamma rays.
Secondary radiation includes Compton-scattered photons, annihilation photons, characteristic X-rays, bremsstrahlung, and neutron-capture gamma rays. Although lower in energy than primaries, these arise closer to the outer shield surface and contribute substantially to external dose. Tungsten alloy containers counter this through high electron density and continuous skeletal structure that confine secondary charged particles to very short ranges and rapidly re-absorb secondary photons.
Tungsten alloy shielding containers adopt a systematic response to these propagation characteristics: high density shortens mean free paths, multiple mechanisms work synergistically for stepwise energy depletion, and low activation combined with high recrystallization temperature prevents the material itself from becoming a new radiation source, thereby achieving stable shielding performance in mixed radiation fields.
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