In the crystal structure of tungsten oxide (WO₃), tungsten atom tungsten substitution refers to the defect site where the tungsten atom position in the crystal lattice is replaced by other atoms. Normally, the crystal structure of tungsten oxide is composed of oxygen atoms and tungsten atoms, presenting a layered structure. Each tungsten atom is surrounded by six oxygen atoms, forming a tungsten-oxygen octahedral structure. Tungsten atomic tungsten substitution occurs when the tungsten atomic position is replaced by another atom, usually a different metal ion. Such substitutional defects alter the composition and structure of the crystal, leading to changes in the physical and chemical properties of the crystal. Tungsten atoms Substitution of tungsten can occur inside or on the surface of the crystal, depending on the source and method of intrusion of the replacement atoms. Substitute atoms may be external impurity atoms, or tungsten atoms at different positions in the tungsten oxide material may replace each other. The existence of tungsten substitution by tungsten atoms will affect the crystal structure, electronic conductivity, catalytic activity and other properties of tungsten oxide. Different substitute atoms will introduce different chemical environments and electronic states, which in turn affect the properties and applications of materials.
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