Table of contents
Chapter 1: Introduction and History of Cesium Tungsten Bronze
1.1 Definition and chemical composition of cesium tungsten bronze
1.2 Discovery and development of cesium tungsten bronze
1.3 Status of cesium tungsten bronze in materials science
1.4 Global research status and market overview of cesium tungsten bronze
1.5 Key application areas of cesium tungsten bronze
Chapter 2: Crystal structure and properties of cesium tungsten bronze
2.1 Crystal structure and chemical bond characteristics of cesium tungsten bronze
2.2 Optical properties of cesium tungsten bronze: near-infrared absorption and light transmittance
2.3 Electrical properties of cesium tungsten bronze: conductivity and carrier migration
2.4 Thermal properties of cesium tungsten bronze: thermal conductivity and stability
2.5 Theoretical calculation and performance prediction of cesium tungsten bronze
Chapter 3: Synthesis Method of Cesium Tungsten Bronze
3.1 Solid-state reaction method of cesium tungsten bronze
3.2 Solvothermal and hydrothermal methods of cesium tungsten bronze
3.3 Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of cesium tungsten bronze
3.4 Sol-gel method of cesium tungsten bronze
3.5 Green synthesis and nanoparticle control of cesium tungsten bronze
Chapter 4: Characterization Technology of Cesium Tungsten Bronze
4.1 X-ray diffraction (XRD) and crystal analysis of cesium tungsten bronze
4.2 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of cesium tungsten bronze
4.3 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and chemical state of cesium tungsten bronze
4.4 UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy of cesium tungsten bronze
4.5 Electrical and thermal test methods of cesium tungsten bronze
Chapter 5: Optical and Thermal Applications of Cesium Tungsten Bronze
5.1 Cesium tungsten bronze smart window film and energy-saving glass
5.2 Cesium tungsten bronze near-infrared shielding coating
5.3 Cesium tungsten bronze light-heat conversion and solar energy utilization
5.4 Cesium tungsten bronze optical sensors and detectors
5.5 Cesium tungsten bronze thermal management materials
Chapter 6: Energy and Environmental Applications of Cesium Tungsten Bronze
6.1 Lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors of cesium tungsten bronze
6.2 Photocatalysis and water decomposition of cesium tungsten bronze
6.3 Air purification and pollutant adsorption of cesium tungsten bronze
6.4 Electrode materials for fuel cells of cesium tungsten bronze
6.5 Hydrogen storage and energy storage of cesium tungsten bronze
Chapter 7: Industrial Production of Cesium Tungsten Bronze
7.1 Production process and equipment of cesium tungsten bronze
7.2 Raw material supply chain and cost analysis of cesium tungsten bronze
7.3 Large-scale production technology of cesium tungsten bronze
7.4 Quality control and testing of cesium tungsten bronze
7.5 Market application cases of cesium tungsten bronze
Chapter 8: Standards and Regulations for Cesium Tungsten Bronze
8.1 International and national standards for cesium tungsten bronze (ISO, GB/T)
8.2 Environmental and safety regulations for cesium tungsten bronze (REACH, RoHS)
8.3 Nanomaterial risk assessment for cesium tungsten bronze
8.4 Occupational health and safety requirements for cesium tungsten bronze
8.5 Product certification and compliance for cesium tungsten bronze
8.6 CTIA GROUP LTD Cesium Tungsten Bronze MSDS
Chapter 9: Sustainability and Environmental Impact of Cesium Tungsten Bronze
9.1 Environmental impact assessment of cesium tungsten bronze production process
9.2 Green manufacturing technology of cesium tungsten bronze
9.3 Waste treatment and recycling of cesium tungsten bronze
9.4 Carbon footprint and emission reduction strategy of cesium tungsten bronze
9.5 Policy drivers for sustainable development of cesium tungsten bronze
Chapter 10: Future Research and Prospects of Cesium Tungsten Bronze
10.1 Exploration of new synthesis methods for cesium tungsten bronze
10.2 Potential for next-generation applications of cesium tungsten bronze
10.3 Integration of intelligent and digital technologies for cesium tungsten bronze
10.4 Global cooperation and technical challenges for cesium tungsten bronze
10.5 Future development trends and suggestions for cesium tungsten bronze
Appendix
Appendix 1: Cesium Tungsten Bronze Terms and Abbreviations
Appendix 2: Cesium Tungsten Bronze References
Appendix 3: Cesium Tungsten Bronze Data Sheet
Chapter 1: Introduction and History of Cesium Tungsten Bronze
Cesium Tungsten Bronze (CsxWO3, 0 < x ≤ 1) is a functional nanomaterial that has great potential in energy conservation, environmental protection, electronics and energy due to its excellent near-infrared absorption (~70% at 1000 nm), high conductivity (~10³ S/cm) and chemical stability. This chapter introduces the definition and chemical composition of cesium tungsten bronze, its discovery and development history, its position in materials science, global research status and market overview, and key application areas, providing background for subsequent chapters (Chapter 2 to Chapter 10). This encyclopedia aims to systematically explain the theoretical basis, preparation technology, performance characterization, application scenarios, industrialization, regulatory requirements, sustainability and future directions of cesium tungsten bronze.
- Cesium Tungsten Bronze
Cesium tungsten bronze is a tungsten-based oxide with the chemical formula CsxWO3, where x represents the doping ratio of cesium (Cs), usually varying between 0 and 1. CsxWO3 belongs to the tungsten bronze family, and its structure is composed of WO6 octahedrons, with cesium ions inserted into the octahedral gaps to form a hexagonal or cubic crystal structure (Chapter 2.1). The change in the x value significantly affects the performance of the material. For example, when x~0.32, Cs0.32WO3 exhibits the best near-infrared absorption and conductivity.
- Chemical composition :
- Main elements : cesium (Cs), tungsten (W), oxygen (O).
- Molar ratio : CsxW1O3, x≤1, oxygen content is fixed at 3.
- Molecular weight : Taking Cs0.32WO3 as an example, ~287.3 g/mol.
- Purity requirements : industrial grade ≥99.5%, research grade ≥99.9% (Chapter 7.4).
- Physical properties :
- Appearance : Dark blue or green nanopowder, particle size ~20–50 nm (Chapter 3.5).
- Density : ~7.2 g/cm³.
- Solubility : Insoluble in water, resistant to acid and alkali (Chapter 4.3).
Cesium tungsten bronze determines its unique optical and electrical properties, making it widely used in smart window films (Chapter 5.1), photocatalysis (Chapter 6.2) and batteries (Chapter 6.1). Compared with other tungsten bronzes (such as NaxWO3 and KxWO3), CsxWO3 exhibits stronger NIR shielding performance (~70% vs. ~50% for NaxWO3) due to the larger ionic radius of cesium ions (~1.88 Å).
- Discovery and Development of Cesium Tungsten Bronze
Cesium tungsten bronze originated from the study of tungsten bronze in the 19th century. In 1823, German chemist Wöhler first synthesized tungsten bronze and observed dark compounds formed by alkali metal doped WO3. In the 1950s , Japanese scientist Kihlborg confirmed the hexagonal crystal structure of CsxWO3 through X-ray diffraction (XRD), laying the foundation for the structure (Chapter 4, 4.1). In the 1970s , CsxWO3 was used in display research due to its electrochromic properties (~60% transmittance change).
- Key Milestones :
- 1980s : American researchers discovered the NIR absorption properties of CsxWO3 (~1000–2500 nm), which promoted its exploration in the field of optical coatings (Chapter 5.2).
- 1990s : Japan developed the solvothermal method (Chapter 3.2), which enabled large-scale synthesis of CsxWO3 nanoparticles (<50 nm), reducing the cost to ~1000 USD/kg .
- 2000s : Chinese research teams optimized the photocatalytic performance of CsxWO3 (Chapter 6.2), with a hydrogen production efficiency of ~200 μmol /( g ·h ).
- 2010s : The EU promotes the application of CsxWO3 in smart window films (Chapter 5.1), with energy saving efficiency of ~50% and market growth to ~US$50 million .
- 2020s : Global focus on green synthesis (Chapter 3.5), carbon footprint reduced to ~0.5 tons CO2/ton (Chapter 9.4) .
In recent years, the research on cesium tungsten bronze has shifted from basic performance to industrialization (Chapter 7) and sustainability (Chapter 9), especially in the Asia-Pacific region, where China supports the energy-saving application of CsxWO3 through its “dual carbon” policy (Chapter 9 9.5).
1.3 The Status of Cesium Tungsten Bronze in Materials Science
Cesium tungsten bronze occupies an important position in materials science because it combines the properties of nanomaterials, semiconductors and optical materials, filling the gaps in traditional materials in the fields of NIR regulation and energy conversion.
- Scientific value :
- Nano properties : CsxWO3 nanoparticles (~20 nm) have a high specific surface area (~80 m²/g, Chapter 4.2), which improves catalytic efficiency (Chapter 6.2).
- Semiconductor properties : band gap ~2.5–3.0 eV (Chapter 2.2), supporting photoelectric conversion (Chapter 5.3).
- Plasmon effect : Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) enhances NIR absorption (~70%), which is better than traditional ITO (~40%, Chapter 5.2).
- Comparison with other materials :
- Compared with ITO : CsxWO3 has advantages in NIR shielding (~70% vs. ~40%) and cost (~500 USD/kg vs. ~1000 USD/kg).
- Compared with VO2 : The thermal stability of CsxWO3 (>500°C vs. ~68°C phase transition) is more suitable for high temperature environments (Chapter 5, 5.5).
- Compared to graphene : CsxWO3 is more specific in NIR absorption, but has slightly lower conductivity (~10³ vs. ~10 ⁶ S/cm, Chapter 2, 2.3).
- Interdisciplinary impact :
- Promote the development of photonics (Chapter 5.4), energy storage (Chapter 6.1) and environmental science (Chapter 6.3).
- It provides a research paradigm for functional nanomaterials (such as MXenes and MoS2) (Chapter 10, 10.2).
Cesium tungsten bronze has put it at the forefront of materials science, especially in the fields of energy conservation and environmental protection (Chapter 9.1).
1.4 Global Research Status and Market Overview of Cesium Tungsten Bronze
The global research and market of Cesium Tungsten Bronze shows rapid growth by 2025, especially in Asia Pacific, Europe, and North America.
- Research status :
- China : Tsinghua University and other institutions focus on green synthesis (Chapter 3, 3.5) and photocatalysis (Chapter 6, 6.2), with an average of ~150 patent applications per year.
- Japan : The University of Tokyo optimized CsxWO3 thin film (Chapter 5.1), with a NIR shielding rate of ~80%.
- EU : Germany’s Fraunhofer Institute has developed CsxWO3 battery materials (Chapter 6.1) with a cycle life of >1000 times.
- USA : MIT explores the quantum effects of CsxWO3 (Chapter 2.5), increasing conductivity by ~20%.
- Market Overview :
- Size : The global market is expected to reach US$120 million in 2025 and increase to US$250 million in 2030 (average annual growth of ~15%).
- Major regions : Asia Pacific ~50% (China ~30%), Europe ~30%, North America ~15%.
- Price : Nano-grade CsxWO3 ~ 500 USD/kg, thin film grade ~ 1000 USD/kg (Chapter 7.2).
- Driving factors : energy-saving demand (smart window film, Chapter 5, 5.1), new energy (batteries, Chapter 6, 6.1) and environmental protection policies (Chapter 9, 9.5).
- challenge :
- High synthesis cost (~500 USD/kg vs. ITO ~100 USD/kg).
- The toxicity of nanoparticles needs to be evaluated (Chapter 8, 8.3).
- The consistency of large-scale production is low (Chapter 7.3, error ~10%).
Global research is shifting towards low-cost synthesis (Chapter 3.5) and intelligent application (Chapter 10.3) to meet market demand.
1.5 Key Application Fields of Cesium Tungsten Bronze
Cesium tungsten bronze is widely used in the following fields due to its versatility, see Chapter 5 to Chapter 6 for details.
- Optics and Thermal Engineering (Chapter 5) :
- Smart window film : CsxWO3 coating reduces building energy consumption by ~50% (Chapter 5.1).
- Photothermal conversion : Solar energy absorption efficiency ~60% (Chapter 5.3).
- NIR shielding : Automotive glass coating, shielding rate ~70% (Chapter 5.2).
- Energy (Chapter 6) :
- Battery : CsxWO3 electrode, energy density ~200 Wh /kg (Chapter 6, 6.1).
- Photocatalysis : hydrogen production efficiency ~200 μmol /( g·h ) (Chapter 6, 6.2).
- Hydrogen storage : Hydrogen storage capacity ~1.5 wt % (Chapter 6, 6.5).
- Environment (Chapter 6) :
- Air purification : adsorption of VOCs, efficiency ~90% (Chapter 6, 6.3).
- Water treatment : Photocatalytic degradation of dyes, efficiency ~85% (Chapter 6, 6.2).
- Electronics (Chapter 5) :
- Sensor : CsxWO3 thin film, sensitivity ~10 ppm (NO2, Chapter 5.4).
- Display : Electrochromic, response time <1 s (Chapter 5.4).
- Case : In 2024, CTIA GROUP LTD developed CsxWO3 smart window film, which was applied to a green building in Shanghai, saving energy by ~40% and with a market value of ~US$10 million (Chapter 7.5).
These application fields demonstrate the strategic value of cesium tungsten bronze in energy conservation, environmental protection and new energy, and will be further expanded in intelligent and green manufacturing in the future (Chapter 10, 10.1–10.5).
Read more: Cesium Tungsten Bronze Encyclopedia
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